黑河流域上游水沙变化特征及成因分析

[目的]研究黑河流域上游干流的水沙时空变化特征及其成因,为流域生态保护和水资源开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]选取黑河上游干流主要水文站近60a的实测径流、输沙及降雨资料,通过采用Mann-Kendall秩相关检验法、累积距平法和相关分析法,研究水沙变化特征及驱动因子。[结果]黑河上游干流径流量总体上从20世纪80年代以后呈增加趋势;输沙量从20世纪70年代开始呈不显著增加趋势,但莺落峡水文站输沙量从2001年开始呈显著下降趋势。[结论]降水增加是影响黑河上游径流量增多的重要原因;水土流失导致了札马什克站和祁连站输沙量的增加,而水库拦沙是莺落峡水文站输沙量显著减少的主要原因。     

禽大肠杆菌病疫苗研究进展

禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)是引起家禽多种肠外疾病如气囊炎、心包炎、肝周炎、蜂窝织炎及败血症的主要人畜共患病原菌.在过去的数十年间,试验了多种不同类型的疫苗用于本病的控制.鉴于APEC血清型较多且不同血清型之间缺乏交叉免疫保护,故生产上使用的APEC疫苗研究进展缓慢.作者对不同类型APEC疫苗进行了综述并提出未来的研究方向.     

Genetic trends in a Holstein × other breeds multibreed dairy population in Central Thailand

Genetic variability and genetic trends for 305-day milk yield (MY), 305-day fat yield (FY), and average 305-day fat percent (FP) were evaluated using monthly test-day records from first-lactation cows collected from 1991 to 2005 in 92 farms located in Central Thailand. Estimates of variance and covariance components and breeding values (EBV) were obtained using a multiple-trait animal model. Fixed effects were contemporary group (herd–year–season), calving age, additive genetic group as a function of Holstein fraction, and non-additive genetic group as function of heterosis effect. Random effects were animal and residual. Program ASREML was used to perform computations. Estimates of heritabilities were 0.38 ± 0.10 for MY, 0.25 ± 0.11 for FY, and 0.22 ± 0.11 for FP. Although the difference between the mean MY for cows in 1991 and 2005 was 324.1 kg, the regression of mean cow EBV for MY on year was 6.5 kg/year. Differences between mean cow EBV for FY and FP in 1991 and 2005 and their corresponding regressions of mean FY and FP on year were all near zero. Similarly, mean EBV for sires and dams of cows also showed near zero trends during these years. A factor contributing to the near complete absence of genetic trends was likely the variety of criteria used by producers to choose sires and to keep dams in addition to EBV (e.g., availability of semen, reproductive ability, adaptation to hot and humid conditions). It also appears that high percent Holstein cows failed to reach their production potential under the management, nutrition, and hot and humid climatic conditions in this tropical region. Changes in nutrition and management would be needed for high percent Holstein cows to show an upward trend in Central Thailand.     

Genetic and phenotypic parameters and annual trends for growth and fertility traits of Charolais and Hereford beef cattle breeds in Kenya

This study estimated genetic and phenotypic parameters and annual trends for growth and fertility traits of Charolais and Hereford cattle in Kenya. Traits considered were birth weight (BW, kg), pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG, kg/day) and weaning weight (WW, kg); calving interval (CI, days) and age at first calving (AFC, days). Direct heritability estimates for growth traits were 0.36 and 0.21; 0.25 and 0.10; 0.23 and 0.13 for BW, ADG and WW in Charolais and Hereford, respectively. Maternal heritability estimates were 0.11 and 0.01; 0.18 and 0.00; 0.17 and 0.17 for BW, ADG and WW in Charolais and Hereford, respectively. Direct-maternal genetic correlations ranged between −0.46 and 1.00; −0.51 and −1.00; −0.47 and −0.39 for BW, ADG and WW in Charolais and Hereford, respectively. Genetic correlations ranged from −0.99 to unity and −1.00 to unity for growth and fertility traits respectively. Prospects for improvement of growth and fertility traits exist.     

兽药行业的现状与发展展望

从生产能力、企业数量、新药研发评审等总结了国内外兽药行业的现状,并对国内兽药生产企业的研发工作提出了展望。     

乡村大旅游的构建理想与旅游终极目的的回归——以光山县边地潜开发区马畈周区为例

目前乡村旅游开发中的最大弊端在于对旅游的终极目的认识不清,从而导致经济目的优先,乡村原始的文化和自然资源遭到严重破坏.我们应该从长远着眼,从边地潜开发区着手,构筑乡村大旅游的建设理想,实现旅游终极目的的回归.     

浙西南柑橘园杂草种群分布特点研究

对浙西南柑橘园杂草种群调查结果表明,柑橘园共有杂草80种,隶属27科。杂草数量最多的为禾本科,有20种,占杂草总数的25．0％;其次是菊科,有11种,占杂草总数的13．8％。主要杂草集中分布的月份为7、8,9、10、115个月。冬、春季柑橘园杂草优势种为：早熟禾、猪殃殃、看麦娘、牛繁缕、婆婆纳。夏、秋季杂草优势种为：马唐、铁苋幕、牛筋草、小飞蓬、旱稗。     

滇中地区降水特征与变化趋势研究

滇中地区是云南省政治、经济和文化与交通的中心,水资源短缺问题非常突出。以滇中地区1960—2011年13个气象站逐年降水量资料为基础,采用线性趋势、IDW空间插值、Mann-Kendall突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,对滇中地区50 a来降水变化特征与趋势进行了研究,结果表明:（1）滇中地区多年平均降水量为955.65 mm/a,波动于638.30~1627.60 mm之间,年降水量在空间分布上存在显著的区域差异,降水量大致呈现出由滇中中部向两侧逐渐递增的趋势;（2）50 a来,滇中地区降水量呈现减少趋势,速率为7.67 mm/10 a,且年降水量在2008年前后出现突变;（3）滇中地区降水量存在27 a和16 a左右的周期性变化,其中27 a时间尺度上的周期变化最显著,16 a时间尺度上局部特征突出;（4）滇中地区本来就是水资源匮乏区,降水量的减少趋势应该引起相关部门的重视。     

中国土地资源安全评价研究进展及展望

土地资源作为国民经济发展的载体,其安全关乎粮食安全、社会安全、生态安全。对区域土地资源进行安全评价研究,既有利于落实国家土地保护政策,也可为区域生态友好型土地利用模式提供现实参考。近些年来,在土地资源安全理论研究、耕地与粮食安全研究、基于承载力的土地资源安全研究、土地生态安全评价等研究领域均取得显著进展。论文着重分析土地资源安全研究的新进展,对近年来我国土地资源安全研究最新成果及其在国民经济与社会发展中的应用、成效和前景进行评析,对我国土地资源安全研究的发展趋势进行展望,并提出了新时期土地资源安全研究的主要方向和重点领域。     

机电一体化技术的现状和发展趋势

机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,文章简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景,综述了国内外机电一体化技术的现状,分析了机电一体化技术的发展趋势。