Development of an international standard set of barley differential genotypes for Pyrenophora teres f. teres

International comparison of virulence profiles of Pyrenophora teres f . teres (Ptt), the cause of barley net blotch, is seriously restricted by inconsistencies in differential testers used among researchers. This paper reports an attempt to develop an appropriate set of differentials to standardize characterization of Ptt populations globally. Fourteen barley genotypes (Canadian Lake Shore (CLS), Harbin, c-8755, c-20019, Manchurian, Tifang, CI 9825, CI 5791, CI 9819, Beecher, CI 9214, Skiff, Prior and Corvette) were selected from among genotypes previously used as Ptt differentials. Three cultivars (Pirkka, Haruna Nijo and Harrington) were included to identify a universally susceptible control. Genotypes were inoculated with approximately 1000 Ptt isolates from Russia, Europe, Australia and Canada. The mean reaction frequency of genotypes ranged from highly resistant (CI 9819, CI 5791, c-8755 and CI 9825) to highly susceptible (Harrington, Haruna Nijo and Pirkka). The best differential abilities were demonstrated by Harbin, CLS, c-20019, Manchurian and Prior. Application of cluster analyses identified genotypes with similar reaction patterns, which supported a reduction of genotypes in the set. When combined with an algorithm comparing the ability of individual genotypes to discriminate among Ptt isolates, a further reduction of genotypes was justified. A new, concise set of barley genotypes for differentiating virulences in Ptt was formulated. It is proposed that these genotypes be adopted as the standard, international differential set to characterize and identify the virulence properties of Ptt populations across environments. The new Ptt differential set consists of the genotypes c-8755, c-20019, CI 5791, CI 9825, CLS, Harbin, Prior, Skiff and Harrington.     

红阳猕猴桃褐斑病病原菌鉴定与室内药剂筛选

摘要：为了明确红阳猕猴桃褐斑病主要病原菌及适宜的防治药剂,采集贵州省水城区红阳猕猴桃褐斑病的标样,通过组织分离、纯化,致病性检测,形态学观察,分子检测及系统发育分析确定病原菌种类,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定6种药剂对该病原菌生长的抑菌效果。结果显示：分离纯化得到的病原菌的形态特[收稿日期： 基金项目：贵州省科研机构创新能力建设项目（黔科合服企［2019］4004）;贵州科学院青年基金（黔科院J字[2021]21号）;贵州省科技计划项目（黔科合支撑[2021]一般234） 作者简介：苏文文（1992-）,女,河南灵宝人,硕士,主要从事植物病理学研究。E-mail：275272042@qq.com;*为通讯作者：李苇洁,女,研究员,硕士,主要从事猕猴桃栽培和育种研究,E-mail：lwj024333@163.com]征与多主棒孢菌（Corynespora cassiicola）形态特征相似,将分离菌株rDNA–ITS序列与GenBank中相关菌株的ITS序列进行同源性比对,发现该菌株与黄瓜多主棒孢霉菌的相似性达到96%以上。室内药剂筛选结果表明：50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂对病原菌的抑制效果最好,最低浓度可抑制菌丝生长,其次为40%戊唑醇悬浮剂、80%乙蒜素乳油、30%吡唑嘧菌酯乳油和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂的抑菌效果较好,EC50分别为0.0002 mg/L、 0.0743 mg/L、0.0871 mg/L和0.5025mg/L。红阳猕猴桃褐斑病主要由多主棒孢菌（Corynespora cassiicola）侵染引起,以上5种药剂均可作为防治红阳猕猴桃褐斑病的有效药剂。     

Evaluation of Dutch elm disease susceptibility and pathogenicity of Ophiostoma ulmi using micropropagated elm shoots

Elm (Ulmus sp.) shoots from in vitro micropropagated plants were tested with Ophiostoma ulmi culture filtrates, at different dilutions to determine the susceptibility of different host clones to Dutch elm disease (DED). ‘Commelin’, a susceptible Dutch hybrid, showed a high wilting index but that of American elm was higher. Although U. pumila × japonica (Sapporo gold 2) was the most tolerant to spore inoculation, its wilting index was as high as that of ‘Commelin’. The absorption capacity and wilting index of the elm shoots showed consistent correlation to isolate effectiveness (as determined by inoculation experiments), to production of toxin (cerato-ulmin) and to filtrate dilution. This method could be used to assess the effectiveness of the different O. ulmi isolates and for the detection of elm genotypes that are highly susceptible to Dutch elm disease.     

我国杨树与溃疡病菌互作的病理学研究

杨树溃疡病是我国杨树人工林重大的生物灾害，危害越来越严重，本文从植物组织病理学、生理病理学和病理化学的角度深入系统地总结和评述了我国在杨树与溃疡病菌互作研究中所取得的进展和存在的问题，最后就该病害的未来的研究方向和研究内容作了展望。     

森林昆虫和病原物的害与益

森林昆虫和病原物虽然能引起林木损伤与死亡，但它们在森林演替，物质循环和能量流动，食物来源，创造野生动物生境等方面都作了积极的贡献，而且在一个生态系统发展前景中，对于森林生物多样性，土壤肥力，森林的长时期健康和稳定性等方面，它们的促成作用也是必不可少的，因此，森林经营者应当考虑昆虫和病原物的害与益的两方面作用。     

Correlation between Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Host-Selective Plant Pathogen Mycotoxins

Toxin, one of the most important factors of plant fungal disease, has attracted much attention of many academicians who have been studying pathogen mycotoxin in deep research. The paper summarized chemical structures of some host-selective plant pathogen mycotoxins discovered in recent years and the correlation between biological activity and chemical structure of toxin.     

异担子菌及其病害防治的研究现状

北半球针叶林最严重的森林病害是由广义的多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato)引起的干基白色腐朽病,但近年的研究表明多年异担子菌并不是单一的物种,目前在欧洲已分出3个独立的种,即原始多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto)、小孔异担子菌(Heterobasidion parviporum)和冷杉异担子菌(Heterobasidi-on abietinum),它们生物学习性、形态结构,生态学,寄主范围和发生区域均有差异。应用大伏革菌Phlebiopsisgigantea对该类病害进行生物防治是较好的方法。将中国东北和西南(云南)的异担子菌单孢菌株与欧洲的三种异担子菌进行交配,结果表明中国东北和西南地区的异担子菌与原始多年异担子菌无性亲和反应,而与小孔异担子菌有性融合反应,因此中国东北和西南地区的异担子菌是小孔异担子菌,目前中国并不存在原始多年异担子菌。由于原始多年异担子菌和冷杉异担子菌均为严重的森林病原菌,应将其作为对外检疫对象。     

紫花苜蓿根腐病原菌--拟枝孢镰刀菌的鉴定及其生物学特性研究

本文对从内蒙古赤峰巴雅尔草业基地紫花苜蓿根部分离到的菌株 BYE27-2-5进行了致病性测定、形态学和rDNA-ITS 序列分析鉴定及生物学特性测定。结果表明,该菌菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为25,30和28℃;pH 值5．0～11．0均宜于菌丝生长,产孢最适 pH 8．0,孢子萌发最适 pH 7．0;光暗交替利于菌丝生长,光照利于产孢和孢子的萌发;孢子在相对湿度低于75％不萌发,高于95％萌发较快;葡萄糖蛋白胨培养基利于菌丝生长和孢子萌发,马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基利于产孢;碳源中葡萄糖利于菌丝生长和孢子萌发,蔗糖利于产孢;氮源中蛋白胨利于菌丝生长,酵母膏利于产孢和孢子萌发;菌丝致死温度为54℃（10 min）,分生孢子的致死温度为48℃（10 min）;根据其形态特征和 rDNA-ITS 序列分析结果,鉴定其为拟枝孢镰刀菌（Fusarium sporotrichioide ）。     

Pathogen Analysis of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

To investigate the pathogen of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) of a dairy farm in Guangxi, a strain of Mycoplasma and a strain of gram-negative pathogenic bacterium were isolated and identified by the means of field surveys, clinic observation, pathological examination, isolation studies and so on.Treatments were taken according to drug sensitivity test results.The Mycoplasma strain, growing on PPLO medium, formed typical "fried egg" colonies.A 448 bp of oppF fragment was amplified by PCR from the strain and had 98.4% nucleotide identity with Mycoplasma bovis reference isolate PG5 of USA.The biochemical features of the gram-negative bacterial isolate were same with Serratia marcescens.The PCR amplified 16S rDNA of the gram-negative pathogenic bacterium strain was 1 400 bp.It shared 99.0% nucleotide identity with other Serratia marcescens reference strains obtained from GenBank.Animal experiment showed that the gram-negative pathogenic bacterium isolate could cause the mice to die.The drug sensitivity tests showed all isolates were sensitive to spectinomycin, azithromycin, amikacin, gentamicin and neomycin.It was effective to treat with dexamethasone and spectinomycin.Pathogen analysis and drug treatment showed that the BRDC was caused by Mycoplasma bovis and Serratia marcescens.     

江西永修凤凰山桃实腐病病原鉴定

桃实腐病是江西永修凤凰山桃园发生的一种新的重要病害,其主要危害挂果期的果实,严重影响桃产量和品质。病果主要表现为脐部变褐腐烂,并在病部表面密生黑色小点（分生孢子器）,病果易脱落。本文对病果进行了组织分离,对获得的病菌纯培养进行了回接,同时对病菌的形态及大小观察和测量,结果表明引起凤凰山桃实腐病的病原菌为核果果腐拟茎点菌（Phomopsis amygdalina Canonaco）。