Using image analysis for quantitative assessment of needle bladder rust disease of Norway spruce

High elevation spruce forests of the European Alps are frequently infected by the needle rust Chrysomyxa rhododendri, a pathogen causing remarkable defoliation, reduced tree growth and limited rejuvenation. Exact quantification of the disease severity on different spatial scales is crucial for monitoring, management and resistance breeding activities. Based on the distinct yellow discolouration of attacked needles, it was investigated whether image analysis of digital photographs can be used to quantify disease severity and to improve phenotyping compared to conventional assessment in terms of time, effort and application range. The developed protocol for preprocessing and analysis of digital RGB images enabled identification of disease symptoms and healthy needle areas on images obtained in ground surveys (total number of analysed images n = 62) and by the use of a semiprofessional quadcopter (n = 13). Obtained disease severities correlated linearly with results obtained by manual counting of healthy and diseased needles for all approaches, including images of individual branches with natural background (R² = 0.87) and with black background (R² = 0.95), juvenile plants (R² = 0.94), and top views and side views of entire tree crowns of adult trees (R² = 0.98 and 0.88, respectively). Results underline that a well‐defined signal related to needle bladder rust symptoms of Norway spruce can be extracted from images recorded by standard digital cameras and using drones. The presented protocol enables precise and time‐efficient quantification of disease symptoms caused by C. rhododendri and provides several advantages compared to conventional assessment by manual counting or visual estimations.     

四硫代碳酸钠对蔬菜根病的防治效果及对土壤生物学性状的影响

为明确四硫代碳酸钠(sodium tetrathiocarbonate,STTC)在蔬菜根病防治上的应用价值及制定应用技术,本研究通过室内瓶土熏蒸法,进行了STTC对病菌的室内毒力测定;用温室盆栽法,进行植前熏蒸处理,测定土壤中病菌数量的变化和对病害的防效,同时进行植后熏蒸处理,测定药剂处理点和根际处病菌数量的变化;通过土壤施药后随即移栽幼苗的方法,评价药剂对蔬菜幼苗的安全性;通过室内模拟田间熏蒸条件,测定药剂不同浓度和熏蒸时间对土壤中主要微生物类群数量和主要土壤酶活性的影响。结果显示STTC对辣椒疫霉病菌Phytophthora capsici、黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.cucumerinum、茄子黄萎病菌Verticillium dahliae、番茄立枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani和蔬菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum均有较好的杀灭活性,LD50分别为3.956、4.241、5.222、5.457和6.197mg/kg;80g/m2 STTC移植前处理对辣椒疫霉病和黄瓜枯萎病的防效可分别达到91.01%和82.51%;浓度低于900μg/mL的STTC对当日熏蒸后移栽的3叶期辣椒、黄瓜、番茄、白菜和油菜幼苗均表现安全;在辣椒和黄瓜生长期穴施1 200μg/mL STTC能有效减少土壤中辣椒疫霉病菌和黄瓜枯萎病菌的数量;土壤中微生物类群数量监测结果表明,在0.1~50.0μg/g浓度范围内,STTC对土壤真菌有强烈抑制作用,对土壤细菌和放线菌为先抑制后促进。对土壤酶活性测定结果表明,当STTC用量为0.1、1.0、5.0、10.0和50.0μg/g时,对土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性表现为先抑制后促进,对蛋白酶的活性表现为在STTC低浓度时活性增加,高浓度时为先抑制后增加。综合结果表明,STTC用于经济作物生产中的土壤熏蒸具有安全、有效和施用简便的特点,或可广泛使用。     

碱蓬根系嗜盐耐盐真菌的分离与鉴定

为分析耐盐植物碱蓬根系真菌的组成和耐盐程度,采用常规植物组织真菌分离方法对盐碱地中生长健康的碱蓬根系进行真菌分离,将分离得到的真菌在不同NaCl浓度培养基上进行培养,检测菌株的嗜盐耐盐性,并对分离得到的嗜盐耐盐真菌进行形态学鉴定和分子生物学鉴定。结果显示:分离得到耐盐真菌40株,分别属于镰刀菌属(Fusarium sp.)、链格孢属(Alternaria sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)、腐霉属(Pythium sp.)等,其中,棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)是没有被报道过的耐盐真菌;分离得到嗜盐真菌3株,都属于聚多曲霉(Aspergillus sydowii)。结果表明,耐盐植物碱蓬中嗜盐耐盐真菌多样性丰富。     

Potential Pharmacological Resources: Natural Bioactive Compounds from Marine-Derived Fungi

In recent years, a considerable number of structurally unique metabolites with biological and pharmacological activities have been isolated from the marine-derived fungi, such as polyketides, alkaloids, peptides, lactones, terpenoids and steroids. Some of these compounds have anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibiotic and cytotoxic properties. This review partially summarizes the new bioactive compounds from marine-derived fungi with classification according to the sources of fungi and their biological activities. Those fungi found from 2014 to the present are discussed.     

酵母SOD1基因缺失突变体应答真菌细胞壁抑制剂CFW的转录组学分析

以酿酒酵母为研究材料,采用酵母全基因组表达谱芯片,分析超氧化物歧化酶SOD1基因缺失(sod1Δ)对酵母细胞应答真菌细胞壁抑制剂钙荧光白(CFW)全基因组转录表达谱的影响,为揭示植物病原真菌细胞壁调控机制以及植物抗真菌基因工程改造提供新的理论基础。结果表明:CFW(10μg/m L)处理1 h后,与野生型酵母细胞相比,sod1Δ酵母细胞中211个基因发生了显著差异表达(97个基因表达上调、114个基因表达下调)。随机选取5个差异表达基因采用定量PCR验证,结果与芯片分析结果一致。差异表达基因功能主要涉及细胞壁、细胞代谢、蛋白质合成、细胞防御以及大量功能未知蛋白。以上结果表明,SOD1基因缺失可显著改变酵母细胞应答真菌细胞壁抑制剂CFW胁迫的全基因组转录表达谱。     

真菌固态载体预处理对不灭菌玉米秸秆降解的影响

采用云芝变色栓菌(Trametes versicolor)、色精木霉菌(Trichoderma chromospermum)、深绿木霉菌(Trichoderma atroviride)和云芝变色栓菌分别与色精木霉菌、深绿木霉菌的混合菌对干黄玉米秸秆进行真菌预处理。结果显示,真菌预处理不灭菌秸秆30 d后,木质纤维素的降解率几乎可以忽略,在不灭菌的环境中,接入的真菌对秸秆本身附着的微生物群落不能形成竞争优势,造成较低的木质素降解率。而云芝变色栓菌、色精木霉菌、深绿木霉菌以及云芝变色栓菌分别与色精木霉菌、深绿木霉菌的混合菌对灭菌秸秆预处理30 d后,木质素的降解率分别为34.0%、38.1%、38.1%、39.1%及40.3%。为降低秸秆的灭菌成本,将真菌预处理30 d后的灭菌秸秆作为真菌固态载体与不灭菌秸秆按照1∶9、1∶4及1∶1的干质量比混合培养30 d,结果显示,采用云芝变色栓菌分别与色精木霉菌和深绿木霉菌的混合菌固态载体预处理不灭菌秸秆,木质素降解率可达到30%~40%。因而,真菌固态载体可以较好地适应非灭菌环境并对秸秆中的木质素进行有效降解,是一种有效降低过程成本的预处理手段。     

Suppression of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,a seed-borne rice (Oryza sativa L.) endophytic bacterium

The present work was carried out to study the potential of bacteria isolated from the seeds of rice plant for the biocontrol of five rice pathogenic fungi. Eleven endophytic bacteria isolated from rice seeds were evaluated for their antagonistic potential. Of five pathogens studied, only the growth of Magnaporthe grisea was inhibited by one bacterial isolate in an in vitro dual culture assay. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and biochemical and morphological characteristics, this strain was closely related to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. We named this new isolate to be S. maltophilia SEN₁ (seed endophyte). This isolate was further tested for the production of volatile and diffusible antibiotics against M. grisea, for plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and colonization of some rice cultivars. In addition, S. maltophilia SEN₁ was tested for its ability to promote plant growth and reduce the incidence of rice blast disease under greenhouse conditions. When applied to the soil, this isolate increased seedling growth and suppressed blast disease in plants of three studied cultivars. This study also showed this isolate could colonize the root interior of other rice cultivars. This study indicates that the S. maltophilia isolate studied has an excellent potential to be used as biocontrol agents of M. grisea or biofertilizer under in vitro and in vivo conditions.     

Physiological disorders,bitter rot and other fungal decay of ‘Aroma’ apple fruit stored in controlled atmosphere

Effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions on physiological disorders and fungal fruit decay on apple ‘Aroma’ were investigated. Fruit from three growing seasons were stored at 1% or 2% O₂ (both at 2% CO₂) at either 1°C or 3°C in small research units; controls were kept in the same ventilated rooms at the two temperatures (ambient air). The fruit were removed from storage after four or six months and assessed for fruit decay immediately afterwards and after two weeks at 20°C. Fruit quality parameters were recorded at the end of storage. On a three-year average, fruit stored in CA was less ripe at the end of storage. After both four and six months storage, CA reduced total decay (physiological disorders and fungal decay) by on average 70% and 45%, respectively, compared to storage in ambient air. Senescent breakdown was lower after CA storage for four months, but not after six months and not after simulated shelf life. Soft scald was lower when stored in CA both after cold storage at 1°C and simulated shelf life. After storage at 3°C there was lower incidence of soft scald when stored in CA after four months, but not after six months. For fungal fruit decay in general, there was no effect of low oxygen, however, 2% O₂ gave slightly less bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum) than 1% O₂ and significantly less than ambient air after simulated shelf life. Averaged over all oxygen levels, 1°C gave significantly less bitter rot than 3°C. It may be concluded that use of CA for storage of ‘Aroma’ is a good way of reducing development of physiological disorders. However, development of bitter rot seemed to be more influenced by temperature and storage time than by low O₂.     

河西走廊制种玉米生育中后期叶部真菌病害诊断与病原初步鉴定

对河西走廊制种玉米生育中后期叶部真菌病害进行田间调查,并将采集到的标本进行组织分离、病原鉴定和致病性测定。结果表明,引起制种玉米生育中后期叶部真菌病害的植物病原有13种,其中由Curvulairia lunata(Wakke)Boed病原引起的玉米弯孢菌叶斑病是玉米叶部的一种新病害,在田间发病率较高,病情指数较大,危害十分严重;由Exserohilum turcicum(Pass.)Leonard et Suggs和Bipolaris maydis(Nishik.et Miyabe)Shoemaker病原引起的大斑病和小斑病是玉米生育中后期叶部发生的主要真菌病害;Physoderma maydis Miyabe和Fusarium subglutinans(Wollenwe.et Reinking)P.E.Nelson et al病原引起的褐斑病和顶腐病有加重发生的趋势;Puccinia sorghi Schw引起的普通锈病在局部区域的一些品种和组合上发病较为严重;其他叶部病害零星发生,对制种玉米正常的生长发育影响较小,一般不会造成流行为害。     

单端孢菌素对几种作物病原菌的室内毒力及田间防效

为明确单端孢菌素对主要作物病原菌的抑菌活性和田间防效,采用孢子萌发抑制测定法、菌丝生长速率法和田间药效常规试验方法,测定了单端孢菌素在不同质量浓度下对作物病原菌的室内毒力及田间药效。结果表明:单端孢菌素对供试16个病原菌的MIC为1.9~15.5mg/L,对辣椒炭疽病菌、番茄早疫病菌、水稻恶苗病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌和马铃薯晚疫病菌等7个病原菌的EC50分别为5.93、7.90、9.27、10.78、13.34、14.95和16.50mg/L,500mg/L质量浓度对番茄灰霉病、番茄早疫病、辣椒炭疽病、马铃薯晚疫病、玉米小斑病和水稻稻瘟病的防治效果分别为78.98%、81.29%、85.28%、72.42%、78.99%和72.74%。单端孢菌素具有较强的抑菌活性和较广的抑菌谱,对几种主要作物真菌和卵菌病害具有较好的田间防治效果,应用前景广。