耕地细碎化、耕地质量认知与化肥施用效率——基于湖北省水稻种植户的调查数据

在中国倡导农业农村绿色发展的大背景下,化肥投入的政策导向逐渐由增量增产转变为减量增效,如何提高化肥施用效率成为当前重点关注的问题。本文依据湖北省水稻种植户微观调查数据,运用随机前沿法测算水稻种植户化肥施用效率,并在此基础上运用CLAD模型进一步分析耕地细碎化程度与耕地质量认知对化肥施用效率的影响。结果表明:当前水稻种植户化肥施用效率仅为63.85%,若完全消除效率损失,化肥施用效率仍有36.15%的提升空间;耕地细碎化程度显著降低了化肥施用效率,可能与农户的避险行为有关;耕地质量认知显著促进了化肥施用效率提升,说明农户对耕地质量的科学认识能够改善化肥施用效率。因此,提出加快耕地整合与耕地连片经营法律法规建设,加速耕地细碎化治理经验与创新结合,加强引导农户对化肥施用的正确认知,推行科学种植生产模式以提升化肥施用效率的政策建议。     

Incorporating free-flowing rivers into global biodiversity targets: Prioritization and targeted interventions to maintain ecological integrity

1. Free-flowing rivers (FFRs) are important surrogates for freshwater biodiversity as there are increasingly fewer rivers that reflect intact habitat and species diversity from source to sea. The status and changes in the ecological condition or protection of FFRs is not explicitly reported on in global biodiversity targets. Indices are proposed for reporting such changes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 and 15, Aichi Target 11, and the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.
2. FFRs were identified at a countrywide scale in South Africa for protection, planning, monitoring, and assessing changes in their ecological condition and protection status. They were selected and prioritized using criteria co-produced with national, provincial, and local river managers and policy makers. Given the high competition for water resources and the unlikely possibility for strictly protecting all FFRs, a subset of FFRs, termed ‘flagship FFRs’, was identified.
3. Methods for reporting changes in the protection levels of prioritized FFRs at a countrywide scale were developed, which included indices of FFRs related to global targets: the loss of the extent of FFRs in a natural and largely natural ecological condition for SDG 6; changes in the connectivity of FFRs included in the post-2020 global biodiversity framework targets; and changes in protection levels of FFRs for Aichi Target 11 and SDG 15.1.2.
4. Flagship FFRs attracted targeted management initiatives and thus maintained their connectivity and ecological condition. This was not true when all FFRs were considered; in the broader set of FFRs, longitudinal fragmentation increased and ecological condition declined from 2011 to 2018.
5. Considering the increasing pressures rivers are likely to experience from human and climate change impacts, particularly in semi-arid to temperate environments, urgent prioritization and monitoring of FFRs is called for so that a targeted set of protection and management strategies can be applied.

     

东北黑土区典型县域耕地细碎化空间格局及影响因素分析

揭示东北黑土区典型县域耕地细碎化空间格局及影响因素，可以为黑土区高标准农田建设、三轮土地承包及黑土地保护等提供依据。本文以拜泉县作为研究区，运用熵值法测算各指标权重并求得耕地细碎化综合评价值，并通过皮尔森相关系数分析法计算各影响因素的作用强度。结果表明：1）耕地景观细碎化深受地形影响，丘陵与平原交界地区耕地细碎化水平最高，丘陵地区其次，平原地区最低。耕地权属细碎化受到土地分包方式、户均耕地面积等影响；2）耕地细碎化模式中，“景观低度细碎化-权属低度细碎化”和“景观低度细碎化-权属中度细碎”占主导地位，占比分别为33.33%、17.20%；3）耕地细碎化影响因素主要为权属、设施和自然切割力。权属切割力呈现高度负相关，设施和自然切割力呈现中度正相关，相关系数分别为-0.775、0.617、0.661，权属切割力的影响最大。拜泉县耕地细碎化空间分异特征明显，可从景观与权属双重视角下探索东北黑土区耕地细碎化治理对策，为推动农业现代化和制定耕地第三轮承包政策提供参考。     

Don't go breaking apart: Anthropogenic disturbances predict meadow fragmentation of an endangered seagrass

1. Although it is well established that human activities are linked to the loss of seagrasses worldwide, the influence of anthropogenic disturbances on the habitat fragmentation of seagrass meadows is less understood. This information is essential to identify how humans are modifying seascapes and what disturbances pose the greatest risk to seagrasses, which is pertinent given the rapid urbanization occurring in coastal areas.
2. This study examined how the habitat fragmentation of an endangered seagrass Posidonia australis varied in relation to several anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. human population, marine infrastructure, terrestrial run-off and catchment land-usage) within 10 estuaries across 620 km of coastline in New South Wales, Australia.
3. When comparing between estuaries, the fragmentation of P. australis meadows was significantly greater in estuaries adjacent to highly populated metropolitan centres – generally in the Greater Sydney region. At sites within estuaries, the density of boat moorings was the most important predictor of habitat fragmentation, but there was also evidence of higher fragmentation with increased numbers of jetties and oyster aquaculture leases.
4. These results suggest that the fragmentation of seagrass meadows will become more pervasive as the human population continues to grow and estuarine development increases. Strategies to mitigate anthropogenic disturbances on seagrass meadow fragmentation could include prohibiting the construction of boat moorings and other artificial structures in areas where seagrasses are present or promoting environmentally friendly designs for marine infrastructure. This knowledge will support ongoing management actions attempting to balance coastal development and the conservation of seagrasses.

     

中国耕地景观细碎度时空变化特征及其影响因素

耕地细碎化是中国耕地利用效率提高和农业现代化转型的关键制约因素。2014年以来中央政府试图通过鼓励土地经营权流转以实现耕地细碎度降低和适度规模经营耕地的目标。然而，少有研究开展中国全域尺度的耕地细碎化趋势分析，土地经营权流转政策的相关实施效果也尚不明晰。该研究基于长时序土地利用数据，辅以景观格局指数、趋势分析和动态面板模型等方法，对1990-2020年中国耕地景观细碎度的时空变化特征进行了识别，并剖析了土地流转政策实施对耕地景观细碎化的影响。结果表明，1）中国耕地景观细碎度大致呈"平原、盆地低、山地、高原高"的分布格局，东北平原、黄淮海平原、长江中下游平原以及四川盆地、准噶尔和塔里木盆地等地区耕地景观细碎度低，而二三级地势阶梯过渡地带以及黄土高原、云贵高原和东南丘陵等地区耕地景观相对细碎；2）1990-2020年中国耕地景观细碎度大致呈"持续细碎化-细碎化改善-波动细碎化"变化特征，其中2004-2013年耕地景观整体呈细碎化趋势，超过70%的县域耕地斑块密度（Patch Density，PD）/形状指数（Landscape Shape Index，LSI）显著增加、聚集度指数（Aggregation Index，AI）显著减小，集中分布在黄淮海平原、长江中下游平原、四川盆地以及两广地区，但2014-2020年70%的省份耕地景观细碎度有所改善，以两广地区表现最为典型；3）土地流转政策显著降低了耕地景观细碎度，此外，区域土地利用变化、非粮化耕地利用、坡度以及灌溉条件等因素也是影响中国耕地景观细碎度变化的重要因素。该研究从全域尺度剖析了中国耕地景观细碎度的时空变化特征并揭示土地流转政策等因素对其的影响，研究结果可为区域耕地景观细碎度变化以及不同土地利用/生态系统类型变化分析提供新思路。     

基于地形的耕地破碎度指数设计与应用

针对当前耕地破碎化评价方法不够全面、客观以及难以开展地块尺度评价等问题，在总结和归纳已有研究的基础上，本研究对耕地破碎化进行了重新定义。基于耕地的面积、形态、聚集性以及地形特征，设计了耕地破碎度指数(Cultivated land fragmentation index，CLFI)。最后，以安徽省宣城市宣州区为研究区，在地块和乡镇尺度上，利用CLFI开展耕地破碎化评价，并分别与遥感影像、基于景观指数的评价结果进行对比分析。结果表明:在地块尺度上，CLFI的评价结果与耕地实际的破碎化状况基本吻合，并能结合道路、水系等数据，分析区域耕地破碎的原因和整治潜力；在乡镇尺度上，6个景观指数与CLFI回归方程的调整R2为0.44，通过显著性检验，CLFI一定程度上综合了6个景观指数的特征。本研究提出的CLFI更全面、直观和准确地反映了区域耕地破碎化状况，可为面向现代农业的国土综合整治和高标准农田建设等项目提供支撑。     

山地—旅游型城市景观破碎化时空演变特征及驱动因素——以安徽黄山市为例

以2000年、2010年、2018年的Landsat遥感影像为数据源，通过GIS、ENVI等软件的技术支持，获取黄山市景观类型面积变化及转换情况，借助Fragstats软件分析黄山市景观格局指数并选取9个景观类型指标探究黄山市景观破碎化时空演变特征及驱动因素。结果表明：2000—2018年，黄山市景观类型的变化较大，主要表现为耕地景观逐渐减少、建设用地景观持续扩张、林地景观先增加后减少。各景观类型空间聚集程度低、破碎化程度高，景观平均斑块面积降低，异质性增加，分布趋于均衡化；山地、人口、旅游收入及交通发展是驱动景观破碎化变化的主要因素。