典型喀斯特区云南松林土壤养分和细菌群落对海拔的响应

以中国西南典型喀斯特区云南松林地为研究对象,采用方差分析、冗余分析和高通量测序等方法,探究土壤养分与细菌群落组成和多样性对不同海拔的响应,为该地区石漠化治理工作和生态系统植被恢复提供参考依据。结果显示:随海拔升高,土壤全碳、全氮、全磷含量呈现先增大后减小的趋势;土壤全钾含量在海拔1 900 m处最高,在海拔1 600 m处最低;土壤速效氮和速效磷含量在海拔1 600 m处最高,分别在海拔1 300 m和海拔1 900 m处最低;速效钾含量在海拔1 900 m处最高,在海拔1 600 m处最低。Chao1指数、Shannon指数随海拔升高先增大后减小,而Simpson指标随海拔升高先减小后增大。在门分类水平上,优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteus)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinomycetes)和绿弯菌门(Curvularia),分别占比33.37%、24.40%、19.82%、12.06%。其中,变形菌门和酸杆菌门的相对丰度总体随海拔升高先增多后减少,而绿弯菌门的总体变化趋势与之相反。放线菌门在海拔1 600 m的相对丰度最大,其余海拔的相对丰度无显著差异。在纲分类水平上,优势类群包括α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteriia)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria),分别占比18.46%、12.72%、7.88%、5.13%。其中,α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲的相对丰度总体随海拔升高先增大后减小,酸杆菌纲的总体变化趋势与此相反,δ-变形菌纲在不同海拔梯度下无明显变化趋势。土壤pH值,及全碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮和速效磷含量与细菌多样性显著(P<0.05)相关,是细菌群落组成变化的主要驱动因子。     

不同叶面肥对桑叶产量的影响

在桑园管理措施一致的前提下,用5种常用叶面肥对桑叶产量的影响进行了比对,结果表明,667 m2产叶量依次为：0.3-0.5%的磷酸二氢钾[KH2PO4]＞0.5-0.7%的尿素[CO（NH2）2]水溶液＞0.3-0.5%的硫酸铵[（NH4）2SO4]＞0.4-0.6%的硫酸钾[K2SO4]＞0.5-0.8%的过磷酸钙[Ca（H2PO4）2]。据此认为,桑园施用叶面肥应首选0.3-0.5%的磷酸二氢钾[KH2PO4]和0.5-0.7%的尿素[CO（NH2）2]水溶液。考虑到生产成本及工作之便,生产上推荐使用0.5-0.7%的尿素[CO（NH2）2]水溶液。     

松华坝水源区不同土地利用类型坡面土壤养分分析

【目的】了解南方地区红壤地氮磷素养分的垂直迁移规律,为提高肥料利用率和减少面源污染提供理论依据。【方法】选取松华坝水源保护区典型流域迤者小流域为试验区,对灌草林、坡耕地、荒地3种不同土地利用类型不同坡位处土壤剖面土壤养分各指标进行测定,并分析其相关性。【结果】对于同一土地利用类型而言土壤各养分指标的含量均为：坡下部〉坡中部〉坡上部;对于3种土地利用类型,土壤全氮、全磷含量均为：灌草林〉坡耕地〉荒地,土壤碱解氮含量为：坡耕地〉灌草林〉荒地,土壤速效磷含量为：坡耕地〉灌草林〉荒地,有机质含量为：荒地〉灌草林〉坡耕地;土地利用类型对土壤养分影响程度为：全磷〉全氮〉有机质〉碱解氮〉速效磷;土壤全氮含量与坡位呈显著线性相关,碱解氮含量与坡位呈极显著线性相关;土壤速效磷、土壤全氮、土壤碱解氮和土壤有机质含量与土层深度呈极显著线性相关;土壤养分之间有相互的影响,土壤有机质与速效磷和碱解氮之间呈显著和较显著的影响。【结论】南方红壤坡地中氮磷素养分的垂直运移规律为同一土地利用类型土壤各养分含量,整体随坡位的下降而增大,随着土层深度的增加而减少;不同土地利用类型对土壤全量养分（全氮、全磷）有显著影响。     

温度和营养盐对条斑紫菜体细胞生长发育的影响

文章研究了温度(15℃、20℃、23℃)和营养盐浓度(0mg/L、25mg/L、50mg/L、100mg/L)对条斑紫菜体细胞生长发育的影响,结果表明,条斑紫菜体细胞在温度20℃,营养盐浓度50mg/L时生长的最好。     

The effect of dietary protein on the growth and survival of the shrimp, Penaeus monodon in outdoor tanks

The comparative effect of reducing the protein content of formulated feed on the growth and survival of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and on water quality was tested in outdoor tanks. Three diets, 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 crude protein (CP), were fed to P. monodon (3.1 g animals, 25 animals per m²) in each of eight replicated outdoor 2500 L tanks in an 8‐week trial. There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) in shrimp growth rate (1.34–1.50 g week^?1), survival, or final biomass between the treatments. However, when tanks with lower survival were removed from the analysis (<60 and <80% were tested), shrimp growth rate was statistically higher (P < 0.05) in the 350 and 400 g kg^?1 CP diets than in the 300 g kg^?1 CP diet treatment. There were no differences in the nutritional condition of shrimp between treatments, as determined by moisture and protein content, and lipid content of the digestive gland. Using ¹⁵N‐nitrogen isotope tracers, it was determined that shrimp were consuming natural biota, although these were unlikely to have contributed substantially to their nutrition. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the water column increased over the eight week experiment and were statistically different (P < 0.001) between treatments (3.60, 5.17 and 6.45 mg L^?1 in the 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 CP treatments, respectively). Concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were also statistically different between treatments and made up 35–40% of the TN in the water column. Concentrations of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and oxides of nitrogen, and fluorescence were not statistically different between treatments but there was a trend of higher concentrations in treatments with higher protein levels. There was no difference in sediment nutrients between treatments. This study has shown that there is scope to reduce the protein content of P. monodon diets but only by 5–10%. However, further validation of these results in commercial ponds is needed. Reducing the feed protein content may result in cost savings and also has the advantage of improving water quality and reducing nitrogen discharge.     

Dissolved nutrient release from solid wastes of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, Castelnau) aquaculture

Finfish pens are point sources of dissolved nutrients released from fish metabolism or degradation of solid wastes. Nutrients leaching from uneaten feed and faeces are not usually quantified in mass budgets for these systems, leading to an overestimation of fish retention or deposition to the seabed. In this study, we investigated nutrient leaching from pellets and baitfish feed as well as faeces of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) into seawater. Faeces were nitrogen depleted (51–54 mg N g⁻¹ dw) and phosphorus enriched (62–72 mg P g⁻¹ dw) compared with feeds (83–111 mg N g⁻¹ dw and 17–21 mg P g⁻¹ dw). Less phosphorus was available for leaching from pellets and faeces of pellet‐fed tuna (5–6%) than from baitfish and faeces of baitfish‐fed tuna (17–21%). The proportion of soluble nitrogen in pellets (15%) was also lower than in baitfish and faeces (35–43%). Leaching loads for a feed conversion ratio of 5 were estimated as 22 and 26 kg N tonne⁻¹ growth when baitfish or pellets were used as feed respectively. Phosphorus loads were estimated as 15 and 4 kg P tonne⁻¹ growth respectively. More than 90% of nitrogen loads, and approximately 50% of phosphorus, are likely to be released into seawater before solid wastes reach the seafloor.     

营养素对动物表观遗传的影响及其机制

表观遗传是环境因素和细胞内的遗传物质相互作用的结果.表观遗传学是在DNA碱基序列不变的前提下引起的基因表达或细胞表观型变化的一种遗传现象,具体表现在以下3个既相互独立又相互作用的方面:DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和microRNA (miRNA)调控.本文就表观遗传的研究进展及营养素对动物表观遗传的影响及其机制进行综述.     

甜菜褐斑病抗感种质细胞超微结构变化比较

在褐斑病发病严重地块。对发病盛期甜菜抗感病种质资源叶片X光片影像及电镜显微结构进行了比较和分析,结果表明：感病种质叶片图像密度不均,整体影像出现泡状光影。受病原茵的侵蚀,感病种质表现为细胞壁变形、并发生质壁分离;叶绿体变形、片层结构零乱、有的膨胀扭曲并分解;线粒体膜破损,膜局部破裂,内舍物外流。出现大量的嗜锇颗粒,有的细胞器逐渐解体、膜系统遭到严重破坏,甚至整个细胞死亡。但抗病种质却明显不同,X衍射图像密度均匀．细胞结构相对完整。     

Dietary copper supplementation improves pelt characteristics of female silver fox (Vulpes fulva) during the winter fur‐growing season

Copper has an essential role in normal fur pigmentation and fur quality. This study evaluated the effects of cupric citrate (CuCit) supplementation on growth, nutrients metabolism and pelt characteristics of the female silver fox (Vulpes fulva). Fifty age‐matched female silver foxes with similar body weights were randomly divided into five dietary groups for 58 days during the winter fur‐growing season. The basal diet contained 4.92 mg/kg copper. Groups I‐V were supplemented with 6, 30, 60, 90 or 150 mg Cu from CuCit per 1 kg dry matter basal diet. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in those fed 90 mg/kg Cu than those fed 150 mg/kg Cu. Pelt total thickness was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in those fed 30 mg/kg Cu than foxes fed 6 mg/kg Cu supplemented diet, but were similar to the other groups. Length of guard hair was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in those fed 90 mg/kg Cu than fed 6 mg/kg Cu and 30 mg/kg Cu, but were similar to the other groups. Length of underhair was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in those fed 6 mg/kg Cu than those fed 90 mg/kg Cu, but was similar to the other groups. Considering decreasing environmental contamination and improving pelt performance, supplementing 30 mg/kg Cu from CuCit (actual copper 35 mg/kg dry matter) is appropriate for female silver fox.     

高山阳荷笋软化栽培基质配方试验

随着生活水平的提高,人们对蔬菜的需求不单是数量上的满足,而是食物结构的优化以及营养与保健。阳荷作为山区特有的一种药食同源野生蔬菜,其春季初生笋芽肉质鲜嫩肥厚,香味浓郁独特,维生素C、粗纤维等营养物质含量较普通蔬菜更高,市场需求逐渐增大。文章从栽培基质、营养配方组成两方面对阳荷笋软化栽培技术进行研究,并检测其营养成分。以河沙基质为对照,河沙加有机肥产量提高53.8%,土壤基质产量提高30.9%;软化栽培使鲜笋中可溶性糖提高3.57倍,维生素含量提高7.55倍,但软化栽培的微量元素含量普遍比大田种植的低。