生草对关中地区有机猕猴桃园土壤养分及细菌群落的影响

为探究不同生草模式对关中地区有机猕猴桃园土壤养分及细菌群落的影响,试验设置多年生黑麦草+毛苕子（Mode 1）、多年生黑麦草+草木樨（Mode 2）、多年生黑麦草+白三叶（Mode 3）及鼠茅草（Mode 4）,以自然生草处理为对照（CK）,观察草种生长特性、研究生草对果园耕层（0~20 cm）土壤养分影响,采用高通量测序法分析细菌群落结构。结果表明：鼠茅草越冬率最高,样地杂草株数最少。人工生草较自然生草有机质提高了6.46%~38.63%,以多年生黑麦草+毛苕子效果更为明显,且该处理提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性最为显著,分别为3.37、44.17和3.46 mg·d^-1·g^-1。同时,与自然生草相比,多年生黑麦草+毛苕子、多年生黑麦草+草木樨和多年生黑麦草+白三叶提高了土壤细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,多年生黑麦草+毛苕子存在最多差异显著的细菌分支。综上,关中地区有机猕猴桃园种植多年生黑麦草+毛苕子在一定程度上有助于提高土壤有机质及养分含量,改善土壤微生态环境。     

黄河源区季节性湖泊湿地退化对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响

为了探讨黄河源区季节性湖泊湿地退化对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响以及土壤微生物碳源利用能力与不同环境因子的关系,本试验在黄河源区退化季节性湖泊湿地研究不同退化阶段植被特征、土壤养分变化和土壤微生物碳源利用状况。结果表明：在季节性湖泊湿地退化过程中,土壤微生物对碳源的利用存在明显的空间分异,其对酯类碳源的相对利用率最高,对单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源的相对利用率随退化加重呈现先升高后下降趋势;土壤微生物对单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源和醇类碳源的相对利用率改变是土壤微生物功能多样随季节性湖泊湿地退化而变化的主要原因;土壤全氮含量和植被盖度对微生物单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源的相对利用率和土壤微生物活性均有影响。该结果为黄河源区的季节性湖泊湿地退化监测和近自然修复提供科学理论依据。     

赤枝栲干物质生产及氮磷营养动态研究

通过对1年生赤枝栲干物质的生产及氮磷营养动态研究,结果表明:不同的生长季节1年生赤枝栲苗木的各器官生长速率有很大差异,5~7月份根、叶生长迅速,以后迅速下降,8~10月份茎、侧根生长迅速;5~7月份大多数的光合产物用于形成根与叶,少量用于充实茎与侧根的生长;净同化率出现在5~7月份,与根系的生长呈显著的正相关;不同器官在其年生长周期中,氮、磷营养动态表现不同,养分吸收与赤枝栲生长发育规律相吻合。     

Water circulation, groundwater outflow and nutrient dynamics in Mida creek, Kenya

The relationship between physical hydrodynamic processes and nutrients dynamics was investigated in Mida creek, a groundwater influenced mangrovefringed creek in Kenya between March 1996 and May 1997. The research involved spot and timeseries measurement of nitrate–nitrite, ammonia, silicates, phosphates, salinity, temperature, sealevel as well as tidal currents at seven stations located in the front, middle and backwater zones of the creek. Groundwater level as well as total dissolved solids' concentration, salinity, temperature and nutrients' concentration were also measured once every month in shallow wells (watertable<5m) located in the upper region of the creek. Results of the study show that nutrient concentrations vary with the tide and that, though there is no river drainage, they are of the same magnitude as in mangrove creeks with substantial river runoff. The peak concentrations of NH ₄ ⁺ –N (5.45M), NO ₂ –NO ₃ (5.63M), PO ₄ ^3– –P (0.58M) and SiO ₃ ^2– –Si (81.36M) in the creek occurred during flood tide, 2–3h before high waters. The (NO ₂ ^– + NO ₃ ^– )–N concentrations declined rapidly during ebb tide, reaching the minimum levels during low water. Contribution of groundwater seepage to the net nutrients flux (particularly on nitrite–nitrates) is largest in dry seasons. The study shows that groundwater outflow sustains the mangroves during periods of severe salinity stress and nutrients deficiency in dry seasons. This is essentially by limiting salinity increase and by boosting nutrient supply in dry seasons.     

Indices of soil nitrogen availability for an ecological site classification of British forests

An adequate supply of nitrogen (N) is essential for the successful establishment and sustainable productivity of forest stands. N deficits may necessitate the use of artificial fertilisers. Availability of N in the inorganic forms, and the relative abundance of the NO₃-N and NH₄-N components, influences the species composition of natural forest vegetation. Hence it is essential to use reliable measures of soil N supply that fully reflect its ecological significance. The new Ecological Site Classification (ESC) used in British forestry employs a multi-factorial definition of soil nutrient regime (SNR), including soil N. To develop this, a soil and vegetation study was made at 89 forest sites throughout Great Britain covering the major soil types used for forestry. “Total N” levels were compared with separate pre- and post-incubation measures of the two inorganic N components as potential indices of soil N supply. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the major discriminant chemical variables for the sampled soils were pH, calcium and NO₃-N and that these were also the main variables influencing the species composition of the ground vegetation. Total N and NH₄-N were less effective discriminant variables for these sites. In some infertile soils the levels of NH₄-N or total N may be of greater importance, as NO₃-N is usually in very limited supply. A multivariate gradient of SNR, which incorporates the NO₃-N measures, has been adopted for use within the ESC system. The position of a site on this gradient can be estimated quantitatively from soil type, ground vegetation species composition and humus type. This enables soil N supply and overall SNR to be assessed in a simple but effective way that guides the operational management of British forest soils for sustainable productivity. It will also be possible to use these techniques to monitor the nutritional status of forest sites over time.     

水分胁迫对澳洲坚果叶片矿质元素含量的影响

研究澳洲坚果叶片矿质元素含量与水分胁迫的关系,实验结果表明:不同水分胁迫程度下,随水分胁迫程度的加剧,叶片中含量降低的矿质元素有Zn、Ca、N、Mg和B,含量升高的矿质元素有K和Mn,水分胁迫对叶片中Co元素的影响不大,而P元素含量的变化不一致。水分胁迫时间与矿质元素含量的关系为:长期水分胁迫下,叶片矿质元素含量升高的有B和K,含量降低的有Ca、Mg、Mn、P、Zn和N,表现不一致的是Co。     

不同海拔高度对周公山柳杉人工林植物多样性及土壤养分的影响

【目的】研究海拔高度对周公山柳杉人工林林下植物多样性及土壤养分的影响,对人工林的抚育及合理经营有着重要意义,旨在为人工林近自然改造以及利用山地造林、恢复森林生态提供科学依据。【方法】采用代表性样地法和随机取样法相结合的方法,在800、1 000和1 200 m 3个海拔高度对周公山柳杉人工林林下的物种组成、物种重要值、物种多样性和土壤养分进行了初步研究和对比分析。【结果】1)林下草本层共发现植物33种,属于19科32属;林下灌木层共发现植物49种,隶属于39属26科。2)草本群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H’)和Pielou均匀度指数(JSW)均随着海拔的升高表现为先升高后降低的趋势,符合"中度膨胀"理论,而草本层物种丰富度指数(D)以及灌木层群落各多样性指数则符合负相关关系理论。3)林下植被0~40 cm深度土壤养分随土层深度增加,全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾、有机碳、有机质含量均降低。4)物种多样性指数与有机质、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)的含量呈显著负相关。【结论】应控制人为干扰的强度,保持合理的林分密度,改善柳杉人工林的物种组成和群落结构,使人工林处于一种天然更新状态。     

Spatial pattern of soil carbon and nutrient storage at the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountain,China

气候变化对土壤碳和养分的影响越来越受到生态学家的关注,尤其是对高山冻原生态系统的影响。本研究目的是长白山高山冻原系统土壤碳和养分的空间异质性。结果表明:不同土层深度的土壤碳在Meadow alpine tundra vegetation (MA)中显著地高于其他植被类型(p<0.05);在每一植被类型中,表层(010 cm)碳含量显著地高于1020 cm的土层;土壤氮的分布格局是氮素在表层和1020 cm土层变化规律相似;不同土层深度的土壤磷在Lithic alpine tundra vegetation (LA) 中显著地低于其他植被类型(p<0.05);土壤钾浓度在Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation (FA) 和LA中显著地高于其他植被类型,但在每一植被类型中土壤钾浓度随土壤深度没有明显的变化;不同深度土壤硫在MA中显著地高度其他植被类型;对每一植被类型而言,C: N, C: P, C: K 和C: S随土壤深度增加而降低。除了在SA的表层外,表层的土壤C: N高于1020 cm的土层。在长白山高山冻原系统中,随植被类型的变化,土壤碳和养分储量有着显著的空间异质性。参29表3图1。     

仿桑园优质土壤肥料的研究(Ⅲ)──仿桑园优质土壤肥料试验

以桑园优质土壤中主要矿质营养的数量及比例为基础，研制了仿优质土壤桑树专用肥料，按照山东省棕壤、褐土、潮土３大类土壤测定肥效，经过３ａ的小区试验、中试及推广，认为该肥能有效地提高桑叶产量并能改进叶质，经济效益较高。     

Establishment of Prosopis cineraria (L.) druce in the hot deserts of India

Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce, commonly known as Jandi, is a deep rooted, nitrogen fixing, multipurpose tree endemic to the hot deserts of India. These trees are the essential component of the agroforestry land use system in these parts of India. The shade-intolerant tree reproduces poorly in nature and is difficult to propagate vegetatively. Germination up to 86.6% was observed after 15 days in seeds soaked in water at room temperature for 72 h. In another treatment, pouring of boiling water twice (at 0 and 6 h) over seeds and germinating after 12 h produced germination rates of 92.6%. Field establishment of containerized transplants in polythene bags (22×10 cm; 150 gauge) gave 90.3% survival after 6 months and 75.4% survival after 24 months. Seedlings were irrigated once during transplanting with 15 1 water. Bare root transplants and manual direct seeding after 6 months had a survival of 30.8 and 45.0%, respectively. Increased levels of nutrients (N, P and K), moisture content and organic carbon were observed under plantations as compared to open areas.