基于生物炭的生态浮床设计

根据生物炭的强吸附特性,对传统生态浮床进行改进,构建了由浮床框体、床体、内外双环圆柱结构种植单元、沉水植物生长袋4个部分组成的新型组合生态浮床,结合水下空间和水面景观重点描述了浮床的构建过程,为生态浮床的发展提供了新的思路。     

不同材料铺垫苗盘底孔的砂培漂浮育苗初探

摘要：采用不同种材料铺垫苗盘底孔,上层装砂的砂培漂浮育苗试验。结果表明：与常规基质育苗相比,用腐熟过的锯木屑铺垫育苗盘底孔处理的烟苗的存苗率、成苗率、生育期一致,生长速度一致,育苗管理过程比砂培育苗更加省工省时,方便易操作。     

3种方法检测仔猪球虫卵囊的比较研究

[目的]为有效检测仔猪球虫卵囊提供参考。[方法]通过对检测仔猪球虫病的3种方法(直接涂片镜检法、饱和盐水漂浮法和Teleman法)进行比较,研究检测仔猪球虫卵囊的有效方法。[结果]比较3种方法分别对仔猪球虫卵囊阳性检出的效果,结果表明,Tele-man法能观察到较清楚的圆形球虫卵囊,是检测效果最好的方法。对仔猪球虫卵囊检出率的比较结果表明,Teleman法和饱和盐水漂浮法是较好的仔猪球虫卵囊检出方法,而检出比率Teleman法最高。饱和盐水漂浮法、直接镜检法都由于粪便中存在脂肪颗粒等异物而影响检测效果。对检测的结果进行分析可知近年来乐山仔猪球虫病发病率有所升高。[结论]Teleman法是最有效的卵囊检出方法。     

Petrarch's Principle: how protected human-made reefs can help the reconstruction of fisheries and marine ecosystems

Petrarch's Principle, named here, is to know things unseen, yet to ignore things seen. We apply the principle to the debate over the appropriate role and utility of human-made reefs (HMRs) in fishery and ecosystem management by reviewing four linked issues that were discussed at the recent 7th International Conference on Artificial Reefs and Related Aquatic Habitats. First, deploying protected HMRs can help to mitigate the depletion of fishery stocks through overharvest and habitat degradation. Secondly, to achieve this objective effectively, it is essential that HMRs are protected as no-take areas, and that, thirdly, HMRs are large, well-planned, evaluated and monitored. Finally, ecosystem modelling and adaptive management responses are necessary to forecast and manage the benefits of HMRs. Moreover, uncertainty about the resolution of the well-rehearsed attraction/production debate may be resolved by ensuring that HMRs are managed as protected no-take areas. And to ensure an unbiased attitude that will aid the clarification of consequences, costs and benefits, we propose a change in terminology, from artificial reefs to human-made reefs.     

水生植物对不同氮磷水平养殖尾水的综合净化能力比较

为了筛选适用于不同氮磷浓度畜禽养殖尾水的生态浮岛优势物种,选取水芹、凤眼莲、鸢尾、再力花、黄菖蒲5种挺水植物和狐尾藻、伊乐藻、金鱼藻3种沉水植物,通过模拟实验考察了这8种植物在不同氮磷浓度条件下的生长特征及其对水中氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总磷（TP）、COD的去除效率,并对其进行曲线回归及主成分分析,综合评价不同水生植物对畜禽养殖废水中氮磷的净化功能。结果表明：凤眼莲、再力花在较低氮磷水平（NH₄⁺-N 80~120 mg·L^-1,TP 8~16 mg·L^-1）下的去除能力明显高于其他水生植物;水芹和黄菖蒲在较高氮磷水平（NH₄⁺-N 180~220 mg·L^-1,TP 30~35 mg·L^-1）下的去除效果较好,并具有良好的适应能力;沉水植物中狐尾藻净化效果较好,生物量增长显著（P<0.05）;凤眼莲在实验过程中虽净化能力良好,但易引发次生环境问题,应谨慎选择,因地制宜。     

浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数优化研究

为优化浮性水产饲料挤压膨化加工参数,以膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率作为饲料加工品质评价指标,采用响应面分析法研究了螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度和物料含水率对饲料加工品质的影响,并利用扫面电镜观测了饲料微观形貌。结果表明：适中的螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度以及低物料含水率,有利于形成较高的饲料膨化度;高螺杆转速与高出料段机筒温度有利于形成较低的饲料容积密度、吸水性以及溶失率;优化后的浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数为螺杆转速130 r·min^-1,出料段机筒温度150 ℃,物料含水率10%,其加工后的饲料膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率分别为1.223、0.398 g·mL^-1、214.803%、4.297%;优化后的浮性水产饲料微观表面相对光滑圆润,物料的熔融效果较好,结构质密,饲料膨化加工综合质量较好。     

Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada

Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions. Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients, as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands.     

Evaluation of the structural strength and failure for floating collar of a single-point mooring fish cage based on finite element method

Deep-water fish cage floating collar also referred to as float, bears a load in the form of waves, fishing nets, and moorings, in which the longitudinal wave force is the main type of loading. The long-term continuous effects caused by wave force could cause reduction in strength, or vibration failure in the floating collar. In this study, the peak responses of a single-point mooring (SPM) cage floating collar, due to either static or vibration loadings, were calculated by the finite element method (FEM) based on an elastic model. In this model, the float exhibited macro-plastic deformation when the stress of 26.1 MPa, generated under 100 kN load, was greater than the yield limit (25 MPa). With the increase in order modes from 1 to 18 (1.2–7.9 Hz), the stress increased. Moreover, the harmonic stress corresponding to 8 and 0.1 Hz was clearly higher than that for 0 Hz under 100 kN loads, due to structural resonance. The range of stress values due to the random vibration was 16.0–63.7 MPa, when the angular velocities (k) were in the range of 0.01–16 rad s^―1. Moreover, the transient response (34.4 MPa) was maximum when the angular velocity was 10 rad s^―1 (range 1–100 rad s^―1). The reliability rate of the entire body was 53.1% and 97.0% after 10⁸ loading cycles for 100 kN and 10 kN loads, respectively. Furthermore, the fatigue modes of the key components were determined from the outer triangular tops and inner hexagonal intersections. In short, static analysis, vibration analysis, and fatigue analysis of FEM could be used as reliable ways to evaluate structural strength and failure for floating system. Finally, the floating parts could be strengthened with partially double pipes or optimized by increasing the stiffness, and appropriate damping could be widely used.     

RH—XF型糠醛分批精馏装置

本文分析了习用夹套蛇管釜微分蒸馏糠醛,精制率低、能耗高的问题。改用热虹吸式再沸器减轻热破坏,旋浮塔(the cyclonic floating tray)分批精馏提高一次精制率及回收率。生产应用表明,本装置可使总精制率从84％提高到87.5％以上,且投资不多,简单易行。