黄土高原典型草原区草地土壤种子库的动态分析

采用野外调查取样和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了黄土高原典型草原区草地土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、时空格局和物种多样性等特征。结果表明,（1）土壤种子库中共统计到37个物种,隶属于16科,其中禾本科、菊科、唇形科、豆科和毛茛科的植物占优势。（2）从返青期到枯黄期,种子库中豆科、禾本科、堇菜科所占比例呈下降趋势,唇形科和菊科所占比例明显提高,种子库的密度也显著提高。（3）种子库中种子数量在垂直分布上呈现出由表层土壤向深层逐层减少的变化规律;在水平分布上的变化规律为：封禁〉放牧;阴坡〉阳坡;下坡〉中坡〉上坡。（4）封禁地土壤种子库中的Margalef丰富度和Shannon--Wienner指数都高于放牧地,Pielou均匀性指数低于放牧地。从返青期到枯黄期,封禁地和放牧地土壤种子库的Margalef丰富度、ShannonWienner指数、Pielou均匀性指数都呈下降趋势。     

Effect of fencing,artificial seeding and abandonment on vegetation composition and dynamics of ‘black soil land’ in the headwaters of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Rangeland management can affect plant diversity and plant functional groups of native grassland communities. To improve pasture for livestock grazing from the existing poisonous and ruderal vegetation in the ‘black soil land’ grassland in the headwaters of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers (HAYYR) of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, three treatments (fencing‐FT, artificial seeding with local grasses‐ST and abandonment‐AT) were applied during a 5‐year period (2000–2005). Plant diversity and groups (sedges, grasses and dwarf shrubs) in the treated plots were compared with non‐treated control plots. Results showed that (1) FT promoted an increase in forbs species, but there was no change in the other plant functional groups; (2) with ST, species richness of forbs decreased but grass species increased indicating that sowing local grasses could change plant composition of black soil land in the short‐term, and increase the proportion of grasses and, thus, forage for grazing and (3) AT, after plowing, was similar to CK plots, with forbs being the dominant plant functional group for the 5 years. In conclusion, the goal to alter black soil land cover from poisonous and ruderal plants to more useful plants for livestock grazing by either fencing, artificial seeding or abandonment was not successful in the long term. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贺兰山自然保护区西坡退牧封育效果分析

贺兰山区自1999年—2004年期间进行退牧还林、封育保护,本文通过对贺兰山退牧还林后不同立地类型及不同地带的森林植被恢复和生长状况的调查,分析了贺兰山退牧还林五年来取得的成效。研究表明,退牧封育可促进植物生长和更新,动植物种群增加,植被盖度和密度增加,从而增强了贺兰山自然保护区的水源涵养、防风固沙、水土保护功能。同时还对贺兰山今后的保护与管理提供了合理建议和措施。     

不同改良措施对盐碱化草地改良效果研究

施肥改良使豆科和菊科牧草在草群中比重分别比对照区增加19.8%~39.9%和27.5%~34.4%,使禾本科牧草比重降低15.3%~21.3%,可食牧草产量增加22.0%~57.8%。围栏封育使豆科和菊科牧草分别增加13.4%~26.7%和4.7%~9.0%,可食牧草产量增加13.1%~78.0%。浅耕翻使豆科和菊科牧草比重分别增加17.7%~27.3%、23.2%~36.3%,禾本科牧草比重降低10.1%~12.1%,可食牧草产量增加-28.5%~28.6%。由此得出,施肥和围栏封育是草地改良的有效途径。     

封育年限对伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

以新疆伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)荒漠草地为对象,研究了不同封育年限对草地土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,0-5 cm土层,土壤碳密度呈封育9年对照封育1年封育6年,易氧化活性有机碳、碳库管理指数为封育9年对照封育6年封育1年,且封育9年土壤碳密度显著高于封育6年,相对增加了36.51%,而其易氧化活性有机碳、碳库管理指数显著高于其他处理(P0.05),分别增加了35.81%~84.89%、35.83%~93.96%;土壤有机质、全量养分分别与土壤易氧化活性有机碳、碳库活度、碳素有效率、氧化稳定系数间呈显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)相关,而土壤碳库管理指数、易氧化活性有机碳与群落生物量的灰色加权关联度高于土壤有机质和碳密度。土壤碳库活度指数、碳库管理指数能较为敏感地指示土壤碳与草地初级生产力的变化。     

Grassland Fire Effects on Steel Fence Posts

Rangeland fire effects on flora, fauna, soils, and water have been studied widely. Fire effects information is limited on rangeland developments such as fencing. Fencing is an integral part of rangeland infrastructure and receives much attention when there is a wildfire or even discussion about conducting prescribed fires. Due to known fence age and fire history, we conducted a study on the Oklahoma State University Research Range located near Stillwater, Oklahoma. Five randomly selected individual metal T posts were sampled from a common fence line of known age and fire treatment. The T posts ranged from 4 to 35 yr since fence construction, with fire activity of 0, 1, 3, or 12 prescribed fires and 0, 1, or 2 wildfire occurrences. Each T post was tested in situ at 40 cm, 80 cm, and 120 cm above ground level for hardness and paint adhesion as set forth by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International standards for hot wrought metal fence posts. Our results found no differences in post hardness, with all posts tested being higher than the ASTM minimum standard of 83 Rockwell B Hardness Scale. We also found that paint adhesion between burned and unburned T posts did not vary, with age of post being the only significant predictor variable for adhesion. Overall, our results provide evidence that T posts exposed to numerous fires and fire types did not suffer negative effects. This shows that concerns about wildfire and prescribed fires in grasslands having negative effects on metal T posts are unfounded.     

高寒地区退化草地改良试验研究

为改善草地植物生存条件,对退化草地进行了改良试验研究,结果表明,３种改良方法都能改善草地生境,增中土壤速效养分。以施肥效果最佳,增加了牧草在草群中比重。禾本科、豆科和莎草科牧草分别比对照区增加９．０２－１０．１７％、１８．４０－２７．７６％和－６．７５％－１．８７％; 柯食牧草增加１倍;围栏封育草地效果次之,禾本科和豆科牧草在草群中所占比重分别比对照区增加２６．８１－３９．８５％和２０．７４－３７     

白狼林业局小莫尔根河封育措施和效益探讨

文章根据白狼林业局小莫尔根河森林资源现状,探讨其恢复措施及方法,并对其封育效益进行评价。     

围栏对新疆巴音布鲁克山区草原植被下土壤动物多样性的影响

为了了解围栏这一人为手段对山区草地植被下土壤动物的影响,在草原围栏措施下,对新疆巴音布鲁克草原植被、地下根系、土壤理化性质进行了实地监测,比较了草原围栏内外土壤动物的类群组成、个体数量及生态分布。结果表明,围栏内土壤动物多样性指标高于围栏外,如类群数围栏内为19种,围栏外为8种;个体数围栏内为234个,围栏外为125个;Shannon-Wiener指数围栏内为0.653,围栏外为0.498;即围栏有利于草原植被下土壤动物多样性的保持和提高。     

Environmental quality of Lower Little Bow River and riparian zone along an unfenced reach with off-stream watering

The goal of beneficial management practices (BMPs) such as off-stream watering without fencing is to direct cattle away from rivers, improve the environmental quality of the riparian zone, and prevent or reduce river pollution. We conducted a four year (2005-2008) study on an unfenced 1.3 km reach of the Lower Little Bow (LLB) River in southern Alberta, Canada where three off-stream watering systems were installed 290 to ≥730 m from the river in August, 2005. Our hypothesis was that off-stream watering would reduce cattle activity at the river, improve riparian health, prevent river pollution by cattle, and improve the soil, vegetative, and rainfall simulation runoff variables at a cattle access site near the river. Off-stream watering did not significantly (p > 0.10) reduce the median number of cattle on the river bank, in the river, or drinking from the river one year later. However, there was a reduction of 20% (p = 0.15) for median number of cattle on the river bank and a 72% reduction (p = 0.20) for cattle in the river. The BMP moderately improved the riparian health score from 60% (2005) to 65% (2007). Our spatial analysis (upstream-downstream) of base-flow during the post-BMP period (2006-2008) suggested that off-stream watering prevented river pollution by cattle for the majority of water quality variables measured. Canopy cover at the cattle access site near the river was significantly (p ≤ 0.10) increased by 26-53% one and two years after the BMP. Two years after the BMP was implemented, total basal area, biomass, and mulch were significantly increased by 37-106%, while bare soil and NO₃-N in surface soil were decreased by 38-89%, respectively. In contrast, other vegetative and soil properties were not significantly improved. Concentrations of the majority of N and P fractions in rainfall simulation runoff were not significantly reduced, and may be related to the high precipitation in the pre-BMP year of 2005. We accept the hypothesis that off-stream watering improved riparian health, prevented river pollution by cattle, and improved certain vegetative (canopy cover, total basal area, mulch, bare soil) and soil properties (soil NO₃-N) near the river. However, we reject the hypothesis that off-stream watering improved other vegetation (live basal area) and soil properties (bulk density, NH₄-N, total N and C), or improved rainfall simulation runoff quality near the river. Although we cannot statistically prove that the positive benefits of off-stream watering on certain environmental variables was due to reduced cattle activity, the non-significant reductions in cattle activity suggested this may be a possibility.