Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation on the quality of different mixed feeds for fattening lambs by using in vitro method

Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and in vitro methods were used to rank nutritive quality of 15 mixed feeds (MF) formulated for fattening Tan-sheep weaned lambs, a breed distributed in northwestern China. In vitro parameters of neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD), volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃–N) were used as evaluation parameters. Each MF consisted of alfalfa meal, bio-chemical treated maize stover and grain mix. The relative proportions of alfalfa meal:bio-chemical treated maize stover:grain mix (dry matter (DM) basis) was 10:50:40 (MF1), 20:40:40 (MF2), 30:30:40 (MF3), 10:45:45 (MF4), 20:35:45 (MF5), 30:25:45 (MF6), 10:40:50 (MF7), 20:30:50 (MF8), 30:20:50 (MF9), 10:35:55 (MF10), 20:25:55 (MF11), 30:15:55 (MF12), 10:30:60 (MF13), 20:20:60 (MF14) and 30:10:60 (MF15). Values of each observed parameter were differed significantly among the tested feeds (p < 0.05). Greater NDFD, AA, PA, BA and NH₃–N were observed for the MF9, MF14, MF2, MF11 and MF7 respectively, which indicated the associative effects between feeds constituents (e.g. concentrate, bio-chemical treated maize straw and alfalfa powder). The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation value of MF7 was the highest in the 15 mixed feeds, which indicated that the incubation effectiveness of MF7 was the best among the 15 mixed feeds when its roughage to concentrate ratio was 500 to 500 g/kg with roughage constituents of 400 g/kg bio-chemical treated maize stover and 100 g/kg alfalfa meal. It was concluded that fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is a useful tool for comprehensively considering the in vitro parameters of mixed feeds to rank the nutritive quality in terms of nutrient supply potential.     

Effect of stocking density and feeding regime on larval growth,survival, and larval development of Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus,using live feeds

This research examined the effect of initial stocking density and feeding regime on larval growth and survival of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Larval rearing trials were conducted in nine 50‐L tanks with different initial stocking densities combined with different feed rations (20 larvae/L with standard feed ration [LD], 80 larvae/L with standard feed ration [HD], and 80 larvae/L with four times the standard feed ration [HD+]). Larvae were stocked on 0 days posthatch (DPH) following hatching of the fertilized embryos. Larval total length (TL), survival rates, and final densities were observed on larval settlement (32 DPH) to evaluate larval rearing performance. At 32 DPH, there were no significant differences (p > .05) in TL or survival rates between the LD (46.5 ± 17.0%) and HD+ (40.3 ± 9.4%). The TL and survival rate of HD (23.1 ± 3.5%) were significantly lower than that of LD and HD+ (p < .05). However, the larval density of HD was significantly higher than that of LD (p < .05). HD+ achieved the best larvae production (32.27 ± 7.51 larvae/L), supported by sufficient food source, high water exchange, and proper water quality management (routine siphoning, surface skimming). The larval‐rearing protocols and larval development from hatching to metamorphosis is described in detail, with corresponding photographs taken during the experiment.     

湿态发酵蛋白饲料肉牛育肥试验

湿态发酵蛋白饲料是玉米经酵母发酵、提取酒精后,又经益生菌发酵、密封包装的产物,其可溶性好、易消化、易吸收、蛋白质含量高。通过对肉牛进行饲喂试验可知,肉牛食用8kg该饲料,平均每头牛日增重1.81kg,比对照组高0.26kg;平均屠宰率为57.1%,比对照组高3.8%;平均售价为21.35元/kg,比对照组高1.52元/kg;平均每日比对照组多收益6.1元。试验结果表明,肉牛饲喂湿态发酵蛋白饲料增重效果好、屠宰率高,经济效益显著提高。     

Communities and contrasting values attached to pasture weeds: the case of the Maasai and Kamba peoples in south-east Kenyan rangelands

More than 20% of Kenya’s population lives on rangelands, which account for over 80% of the total landmass and support more than 50% of the national livestock herd. As these areas have experienced a major livestock (cattle) productivity decline due to encroachment on pastures by woody weeds, government efforts are targeted at increasing palatable grass cover. Paradoxically, these efforts have been less than successful, as some communities do not identify some weeds as a nuisance, in fact ascribing value to them. To identify specifically what such values are, as well as perceived problems with woody weeds, interviews were conducted with 165 respondents in two distinct ethnic groups (Maasai and Kamba) practising different production systems within the Kenyan rangelands. We found that the groups had complex attitudes toward “woody weeds”, seeing both negative and positive aspects to them. Both groups thought predominately that woody weeds lowered grass quantity and quality. Both communities appreciated some weeds as forage for livestock and sources of firewood, while variations existed between the two communities in their use of woody weeds for construction, bee forage and soil conservation. It is concluded that woody plants on these rangelands cannot be exclusively be classified as weeds, but rather need to be included in systems of rangeland management.     

复合型生化秸秆颗粒饲料育肥成年滩羊效果试验

利用氨-碱-盐化和微生物技术复合处理作物秸秆,再配合工业副产品、精料及矿物质、维生素添加剂等制成颗粒饲料,饲喂成年滩羊,观察育肥效果。试验结果表明：试验组(复合处理秸秆)与对照组(未处理秸秆)相比,日增重提高25．06％,饲料报酬提高25．23％,屠宰率提高5．11％,净肉率提高7．71％,试验期内平均每只育肥羊多获利润13．13元。     

膨化颗粒饲料饲喂仔猪试验

以两种配方相同的普通颗粒饲料（５５１料）和膨化颗粒饲料（９５１料）及另一种普通颗粒饲料（对照料）为试验饲粮,以纯种丹系长白仔猪（０～５０日龄）１００头为试验动物。结果饲料经膨化加工后其常规营养成分及氨基酸含量并未改变,但脲酶活性从０．１７０降至０．０７０,这有利于蛋白质的消化和利用;膨化加工改善了饲料的卫生学指标;９５１料与５５１料的干物质、能量的表观消化率没有显著差异,但９５１料粗蛋白质的表观消化率显著高于５５１料组;饲喂９５１料和５５１料的仔猪在３５日龄（断乳）体重及５０日龄体重、１０～３５日龄及３５～５０日龄平均日增重均无显著差异,９５１料组１０～５０日龄每千克增重耗料量,比对照组减少０．１９ｋｇ（Ｐ＜０．０５）,比５５１料组减少０．１８ｋｇ（Ｐ＜０．０５）;９５１料组平均每窝毛收入分别比对照料组和５５１料组增加３１％和６．４％;５５１料在仔猪增重速度、饲料利用率方面也达到了较高水平,且优于对照料。     

UPLC/MS-MS测定饲料中的莱克多巴胺

利用液质联用检测方法测定饲料中莱克多巴胺,试验采用乙腈提取试样中的莱克多巴胺,用OasisMCX小柱净化,4mmol/l乙酸胺溶液:乙腈(80:20)为流动相,用PDA检测器分离测定。试验结果莱克多巴胺的检测限为1.37μg/kg,平均回收率为84.4%,最后用质谱进行确证。该方法简单,结果准确,可用于测定饲料中莱克多巴胺的含量。     

Screening of Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in feedstuffs and complete feeds for pigs in Southern Vietnam

A survey ofaflatoxins and zearalenone (ZEA) in 120 samples, including cassava chip (12), maize (12), rice bran (24), broken rice (24), and complete feeds for growing pigs (24) and sows (24) was carried out in southern Vietnam. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) were determined by an HPLC method using an immunoaffinity column for clean-up. Zearalenone was analysed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) AgraQuant. High incidences of aflatoxins and ZEA in feedstuffs and pig feeds (83.3%-100%) were detected. Aflatoxins and ZEA were detected in all commodities analyzed. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 100, 92, 92, 83, 100 and 96%, respectively, of samples of cassava chip, maize, rice bran, broken rice, and complete feeds for growing pigs and sows, with mean concentrations of 0.86, 77.5, 1.3, 1.6, 4.7 and 7.5 microg/kg, respectively. AFB2 and AFG1 were found in low concentrations and co-occurred with AFB1 in all samples where they were found. ZEA was detected in 8%, 33%, 36%, 21%, 67% and 67%, respectively, of the samples of cassava chip, maize, rice bran, broken rice, and complete feeds for growing pigs and sows, with average concentrations of 10.0, 163.5, 83.1, 31.4, 86.0 and 101.4 microg/kg, respectively. The high incidence of mycotoxins found in feedstuffs highlights the need for periodic monitoring and prevention ofmycotoxins, not only in feeds, but also in food for human consumption.     

天康671羔羊颗粒饲喂羔羊试验

本试验利用天康671颗粒饲料饲喂20日龄羔羊.经过30d的试验,结果表明,试验组比对照组平均日增重高85g,经t检验得知,P＜0.05,差异显著.说明天康671颗粒料饲喂羔羊有明显的增重效果.