提高耕地质量建设高标准基本农田

依据黑龙江省耕地的现状，从加强“三库”建设、推行虚实并存的耕作技术、科学实施集中投入等3个方面提出了提高耕地质量、建设高标准农田的建议。     

日光温室作物蒸发蒸腾量的计算方法研究及其评价

对FAO推荐计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的Penman-Monteith(缩写为P-M)公式,在日光温室微气候的条件应用作了详细的分析。将P-M公式分为2个部分,即辐射项(ETrad)和空气动力学项(ETaero),推导出了计算温室内参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的P-M修正公式,解决了P-M公式假定温室内风速为“0”所引起的一系列问题。并根据2004年和2005年温室内实测气象数据和水面蒸发对其进行了验证,通过相关分析得出用修正后的P-M公式计算作物蒸发蒸腾量比FAO推荐的P-M公式计算值误差小、精度高。建议在日光温室里使用修正后的P-M公式计算参考作物的蒸发蒸腾量。     

基于GPS和GSM短消息的农田信息采集系统

分析了通过GSM SMS传递信息的优点，研究了如何应用Siemens M20 GSM模块和Rockwell的Jupiter GPS OEM板进行移动模块单元的软件和硬件设计。针对当前农田信息(土壤水分等)采集、记录、处理等技术比较落后以及浪费大量人力物力的状况，设计了农田信息采集系统。本系统利用当前技术比较成熟的GSM蜂窝数字移动通信系统和GPS全球定位系统对农田信息进行采集和传送。     

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的气象因子响应模型

基于江苏省南通市2000～2004年的旬气象资料,用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量,研究了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、相对湿度、日照时数、风速和气压等气象因素间的关系,建立了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的响应模型.结果表明,参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与"温度因子"的关系最强,其次为"湿度和日照因子","风速因子"也有一定的影响,"气压因子"影响作用则稍弱;建立的气象因子响应模型模拟精度较高,可以简化参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算.     

Remote sensing of biotic and abiotic stress for irrigation management of cotton

The applicability of commercially available remote sensing instrumentation was evaluated for site-specific management of abiotic and biotic stress on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown under a center pivot low energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation system. This study was conducted in a field where three irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, and 50% ET_c) were imposed on areas of Phymatotrichum (root rot) with the specific objectives to (1) examine commercial remote sensing instrumentation for locating areas showing biotic and abiotic stress symptomology in a cotton field, (2) compare data obtained from commercial aerial infrared photography to that collected by infrared transducers (IRTs) mounted on a center pivot, (3) evaluate canopy temperature changes between irrigation regimes and their relationship to lint yield with IRTs and/or IR photography, and (4) explore the use of deficit irrigation and the use of crop coefficients for irrigation scheduling. Pivot-mounted IRTs and an IR camera were able to differentiate water stress among irrigation regimes. The IR camera distinguished between biotic (root rot) and abiotic (drought) stress with the assistance of groundtruthing. The 50% ET_c regime had significantly higher canopy temperatures than the other two regimes, which was reflected in significantly lower lint yields when compared to the 75% and 100% ET_c regimes. Deficit irrigation down to 75% ET_c had no impact on lint yield, indicating that water savings were possible without reducing yield.     

Measuring versus estimating net radiation and soil heat flux: Impact on Penman–Monteith reference ET estimates in semiarid regions

The standardized ASCE Penman–Monteith and FAO-56 equations were used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) using estimated and measured net radiation (R_n) and soil heat flux (G), based on hourly and daily meteorological data. The estimates were evaluated against lysimeter measurements. The results indicate that using measured or estimated values of R_n and G can have significant effect on the accuracy of the ET₀ estimations, especially when calculations were made on an hourly basis. The FAO-56 version performed very well during the irrigation season on a daily basis. The use of measured R_n and G did not improve ET₀ estimation on a daily basis, therefore, the use of estimated R_n and G appears to be dependable when calculations are based on 24-h weather data. When daily ET₀ was calculated from hourly estimations, the results were different depending on the version used. The ASCE version was more accurate, especially when R_n and G were measured. Therefore, measurement of R_n and G may have potential to improve estimation only when daily ET₀ is calculated from hourly estimations. The PM FAO-56 version was always a little less accurate than the ASCE version. For hourly calculations, using a constant surface resistance (as in FAO-56 version), the PM method underpredicted for high evaporative demand and vice versa. The ASCE version performed better than PM FAO-56 version when R_n and G were measured and estimated. Therefore, ASCE version tended to provide quite accurate values of hourly ET₀, even using estimated values of R_n and G. As conclusion, the methods proposed by FAO-56 for estimating R_n and G tended to produce accurate estimates for daily and hourly ET₀ under semiarid conditions and can be used with some degree of confidence for estimating ET₀. In addition, results suggest that the ASCE standardized equation on an hourly basis improved the accuracy of ET₀ estimation with respect to the FAO-56 version.     

Review on estimation of evapotranspiration from remote sensing data: From empirical to numerical modeling approaches

Different methods have been developed to estimate evapotranspiration from remote sensing data, from empirical approaches such as the simplified relationship to complex methods based on remote sensing data assimilation along with SVAT models. The simplified relationship has been applied from small spatial scale using airborne TIR images to continental scale with NOAA data. Assimilation procedures often require remote sensing data over different spectral domains to retrieve input parameters which characterize surface properties such as albedo, emissivity or Leaf Area Index. A brief review of these different approaches is presented, with a discussion about the main physical bases and assumptions of various models. The paper reports also some examples and results obtained over the experimental area of the Alpilles Reseda project, where various types of models have been applied to estimate surface fluxes from remote sensing data.     

Inverse Modeling to Quantify Irrigation System Characteristics and Operational Management

Remotely sensed (RS) data is a major source to obtain spatialdata required for hydrological models. The challenge for thefuture is to obtain besides the more direct observable data(landcover, leaf area index, digital elevation model andevapotranspiration), non-visible data such as soilcharacteristics, groundwater depth and irrigation practices.In this study we have explore the option of using inversemodeling to obtain these non-RS-visible data. For a commandarea in Haryana, India, we applied for the 2000–2001 rabiseason a RS-GIS-combined inverse modeling approach to derivenon-RS-visible data required in the regional application ofhydrological models. A Genetic Algorithm loaded stochasticphysically based soil-water-atmosphere-plant model (SWAP) wasdeveloped for the inverse problem and used in the study. Theresults showed good agreement with the inventoried data suchas soil hydraulic properties, sowing dates, groundwaterdepths, irrigation practices and water quality. The deriveddata could be used to predict the state of the system at anytime in the cropping season, which can be used to evaluateoperational management strategies.     

秸秆还田机鞭式刀具原理及运动特性分析

针对现有秸秆还田机刀具性能的不足,研制了鞭式刀具.同时,在阐述鞭式刀具的结构与工作特点的基础上,着重对该刀具破茬瞬时的加速性能进行了计算分析.计算和田间试验结果表明,该刀具作用于根茬时刀头速度大,采用该刀具的还田机既可切碎秸秆,又可以同时入土破茬,并实现了碎茬与土壤的均匀混拌.     

水稻旱作覆膜节水增产试验研究

通过水稻旱作全程覆膜与半程覆膜、旱作不覆膜及水栽对比试验，研究其耗水规律，计算其节水量与增产量，并进行经济效益分析，提出了适合本地区的栽培模式。