云南雪莲果的营养成分及质量安全评价

对云南不同产地雪莲果中的蛋白质、氨基酸、矿质元素、可溶性固形物、总糖、淀粉、维生素C和粗纤维等营养成分进行了分析测定,并进行了质量安全评价,结果表明:雪莲果含有多种人体必需的氨基酸、丰富的矿质元素、糖类和大量的纤维素等营养成分,也符合无公害食品的质量安全要求,属于低热食品,具有较高的保健价值。     

成都平原西缘典型水稻土壤风险元素及磷、硒来源解析与评价

为探究成都平原水稻土壤风险元素来源及其风险性,本研究以成都平原西缘某地0～20 cm的水稻土壤为研究对象,以土壤中Ni、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、P、Se这10种元素作为研究要素,借助统计学描述分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和GIS方法对10种元素的主要来源进行解析,并对其中8种重金属元素的污染风险进行评价。结果显示,研究区水稻土壤中Ni、Cr、Cu没有表现出明显的富集特征,Pb、Zn、As趋向于富集,Cd、Hg、P、Se有明显的富集现象。研究区人为活动影响较强的区域主要分布于I河至J河一带和L河沿岸地区。研究区内Cu、Cr、Ni、Se主要来源于成土母岩,Pb、As受磷石膏堆影响,Hg、P受居民生活废弃物影响,Zn、Cd受控于当地化工企业活动。研究区农耕土壤受Cd胁迫,内梅罗综合污染指数为1.20,达到轻度污染程度。     

东部近海海产品中有机氯和菊酯类农药的分布特征与健康风险评估

为全面了解我国东部近海海产品中有机氯农药(OCPs)和菊酯类农药(PYRs)的残留特征及健康风险,本研究以我国东部近海附近海域的典型海产品为研究对象,使用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱仪(GC-MS/MS)对其体内两类农药的含量进行测定和相关分析。结果显示：东部近海海产品中,∑OCPs残留范围为2.2～1 864.7 ng·g^-1(均值为72.5 ng·g^-1,以干质量计),∑PYRs浓度范围为5.2～761.7 ng·g^-1(均值为57.9 ng·g^-1)。与软体动物类和甲壳类相比,∑OCPs更容易蓄积在脂肪含量更高的鱼类中,而∑PYRs在3类生物中的残留量差异不显著;空间分布上,两类农药在海洋生物体内残留量的空间差异性均不显著(除烟台海域外);来源分析表明,OCPs污染主要源于历史残留,而PYRs可能与近海范围内陆域的城市卫生防护活动密切相关。研究表明,不同海产品中两类农药的总风险指数远小于1,健康风险处于安全水平。     

长江中游某矿区水体和沉积物重金属来源解析及分布特征和生态风险评估

为探究长江中游沿江某矿区周边水-沉积物重金属分布特征、潜在风险及其来源,本研究以江西省北部某矿区周边水体及其沉积物中7种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn)为研究对象,通过多点采样分析其在地表水-沉积物系统中的污染特征,并运用单因子评价指数和地累积指数(I_geo)分别对地表水和沉积物中所含重金属进行风险评价,最后通过正定矩阵因子分析(Positive definite matrix factorization,PMF)模型解析沉积物中重金属来源。结果表明：受酸性矿山废水直排影响,该地区地表水和沉积物酸化严重,pH最低分别为2.12和2.62。水体和沉积物中,以Cu、Zn和Cd超标较为严重,水体中分别为0.001～46.96、0.01～122.90、ND～64.97 mg·L^-1,沉积物中分别为21.30～1 840.61、54.20～1 487.55、0.04～18.73 mg·kg^-1,其中以Cd点位超标率最高(68.97%)。风险评价结果表明,超过50%的点位受到Cu和Cd的污染,属于重度风险等级,且多...     

安庆沿江湖泊湿地湖滨带土壤重金属含量特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了解安庆沿江湿地湖滨带土壤重金属污染状况,保障区域水生态安全,采集了破罡湖、菜子湖和武昌湖等3个湖滨带的 75个土壤样品,利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析测定了土壤样品7种重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的总量和形态特征,并利用地累积指数法和Hankson潜在生态风险指数法评价3个湖泊湖滨带土壤重金属的污染状况和生态风险。结果表明：武昌湖湖滨带土壤的As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn的总量均显著高于菜子湖和破罡湖;7种重金属的形态特征差异较大,武昌湖湖滨带土壤中的Cd和As的可交换态含量分别为0.19 mg/Kg和10.68 mg/Kg,其占比分别为35.59%和46.28%,其他元素都以残渣态为主;地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法表明Cd的污染程度和潜在生态风险系数显著高于其他6种元素;研究区湖滨带土壤整体重金属风险等级较低,破罡湖、菜子湖和武昌湖的重金属潜在生态风险指数RI分别为102.03、95.72和190.65,破罡湖和菜子湖属于重金属轻度风险区域,武昌湖属于重金属中度风险区域。研究区土壤Cd受人类活动影响较大,湖滨带土壤中重金属主要受农业面源污染。     

山东下港泥石流孕灾环境分析及危险度区划研究

本文针对泰山地区泥石流发生的原因和特点进行了初步分析,并对危害最严重的泰安市岱岳区下港乡进行泥石流危险度区划研究。采用GIS技术,通过缓冲区分析和叠加分析等运算,获得研究区评价单元的危险度评价指数,并以该指数为依据采用分位数理论进行危险度的划分,将研究区危险度划分为四级,找出了当地泥石流危险性最大的区域。本文不仅较好地将GIS技术应用到了泥石流危险度区划的研究中,而且区划结果也可以为当地土地利用规划等决策提供一定帮助。     

Influence of revegetation efforts on hydrologic response and erosion,Kaho'olawe Island,Hawai'i

Measurements of soil physical and hydrological properties provide the first evaluation of the success of revegetation efforts in reducing surface runoff and accelerated erosion on the largely barren plateau region of Kaho'olawe Island, Hawai'i. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity data, collected within four of the largest restoration sites, suggest revegetated areas have significantly higher infiltration capacities compared with those of the bare areas surrounding the project sites. Furthermore, comparison of modeled steady-state infiltration capacity to one-min rainfall intensities demonstrate erosion-producing Horton overland flow is very rare on the vegetated areas compared with the barren landscape. Thus, recently, established vegetation forms zones of high infiltration capable of absorbing both rainwater and surface flow exported from upslope areas. However, the current areal extent and spatial arrangement of vegetation is not sufficient to significantly reduce watershed-scale runoff and erosion. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intensive temporal and spatial sampling of polychaete biodiversity reveals significant implications for impact assessment and marine park design

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除草剂阿特拉津的生态风险分析与污染治理

阿特拉津在世界范围内已经使用了近40年,其对环境与人体健康的威胁逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。文章综述了近十年来国内外关于阿特拉津对环境的风险评价,着重论述阿特拉津对生物的危害性,并提出缓解与修复阿特拉津污染的一些治理措施。     

Exposure of four Filipino farmers to parathion-methyl while spraying string beans

Filipino farmers resist wearing protective garments while spraying, preferring to wear long-sleeved cotton polyester shirts and short or long trousers. The exposure of farmers while wearing this attire and spraying was assessed to determine what degree of protection it afforded farmers under tropical conditions. Absorbent pads were placed on the outer and inner wear on various body parts. Applicators sprayed parathion-methyl on fruiting string beans at the recommended rate and residues were analyzed by gas chromatography. Each farmer had a characteristic spraying pattern which resulted in peculiar residue levels in some body parts. Inner exposure did not exceed the tolerable dermal exposure level during warm days while using proper spraying techniques. The use of long-sleeved cotton polyester shirt and thick polyester trousers provides, to a certain degree, protection for farmers during warm days. A change of clothing would be a more acceptable measure for farmers than wearing uncomfortable and impractical protective garments. The following spraying techniques reduced farmer exposure: fully outstretched arm, minimal body twisting and smooth hand movements. The use of thick polyester long trousers, gloves or a suitable substitute and the removal of weeds within the crop area also reduce farmer exposure to insecticides. Re-designing the bottle to include a plastic lip, in order to avoid spillage, is also recommended to reduce exposure during the critical mixing stage. Laundering the shirt immediately after use removes a significant amount of residues (96–97%) and contributes towards the protection of farm workers. These recommendations should provide useful data for incorporation in farmer-training programes on the proper use of pesticides.