镁的营养作用研究进展

镁是生物体内重要的阳离子,参与了体内所有的能量代谢,催化或激化300多种酶体系。本文综述了镁对动物体脂质过氧化、应激及脂类代谢等方面影响的研究近况,并探讨了其可能的作用机制。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛尿嘌呤衍生物和微生物蛋白的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重500kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100g/d)、丙酸(87g/d)和氧化镁(24g/d)对尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)和微生物蛋白(MCP)的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,丙酸镁组和丙酸组尿囊素、PD、微生物氮(MN)、MCP较对照组和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05),但丙酸镁组和丙酸组差异不显著(P>0.05)。日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁对尿酸(uric acid)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮中添加丙酸镁和丙酸提高了尿囊素含量和PD、MN和MCP产量,但处理对尿酸没有影响。     

Effects of buckwheat growth on variation of aluminum and major metals in root‐zone soil solutions

The variation in and relationships between aluminum and other major metals including Ca, Mg, Mn, and K in root‐zone soil solutions were studied by growing buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. cv. Jiangxi), an Al accumulator, in pots filled with an acid soil amended with CaCO₃ and unamended controls with a preinstalled nondestructive soil‐solution sampler. Soil solutions were collected every 7 d with a syringe connected to the sampler. The results showed that pH of the soil solution was not the only factor controlling the concentration of Al. Significant positive linear correlations were found between Al and Ca as well as between Al and Mg in soil solutions from the controls. The ratio of base cations (BC, Ca+Mg) to Al might partly explain the high Al resistance of buckwheat. Oxalate secretion from roots significantly activated Al in acid soils, which may be important for changes of Al in soil solutions, but it also caused decreased concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Mn. It is concluded that the variation of metal concentrations including Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn is a holistic effect involving competition for exchange sites among Ca, Mg, H, and Al, the chelation by oxalate secreted from roots, and metal uptake by buckwheat.     

硅钾镁肥配比对水稻产量的影响

在氮、磷固定的条件下,采用农业部推广的硅钾镁“3414”肥料设计进行多点试验,完善平衡配套施肥方案,建立不同品种的硅、钾、镁施用纯量与产量的效应函数模型,以期为寒地增产保优合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明：不同品种的硅、钾、镁施用纯量与产量的效应函数模型不同;缺硅、缺钾、缺镁对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响不同,同一地点不同品种对缺素表现出了相同的规律,钾对产量影响最大,其次是缺硅,影响最小的是镁;‘空育131’、‘垦粳1号’的处理6（Si2K2Mg2）、处理9（Si2K2Mg1）处理10（Si2K2Mg3）、处理13（Si1K2Mg1）产量都较高。‘空育131’处理13（Si1K2Mg1）产量最高为9173.10 kg/hm2;‘垦粳1号’处理9（Si2K2Mg1）产量最高为9162.45 kg/hm2。因此,要做到良种良法配套必须测土并针对品种进行施肥,才能达到高产优质的目的。     

Microstructures and tensile properties of commercial AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets

Uniaxial loading tests are performed on 0.8 mm thick sheets of commercial AZ31B magnesium alloy in the temperature range from room temperature to 400 ℃. The microstructures and tensile properties are studied. The results reveal that there are few twins in the deformation microstructures created when deformation occurres in temperatures ranging from room temperature to 100 ℃, and dynamic recrystallization take place at deformation temperatures exceeding 200 ℃. Commercial AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets have a preferable strength and ductility at room temperature. The ductility of the sheets is improved as the deformation temperature increases. Some characteristics of low temperature superplasticity or high strain rate superplasticity exist.     

不同施肥结构对酸性冲积菜园土的酸性与交换性能的修复效应

为了减少土壤对农业造成的损失以及给生态环境带来的恶化,为保证湖南农业的可持续发展和生态环境保护提供科学依据,以长沙市东郊浏阳河沉积物发育的冲积菜园土为研究对象,通过田间小区试验和动态取样与室内测定,研究了不同施肥结构对菜园土酸性、交换性能的改良效应。结果表明：单纯施用化学肥料处理(NPK)能明显降低土壤pH,施用石灰质物质处理（NPK+MgO和NPK+CaO）能有效降低表层土酸酸度;交换性铝离子只有在较低酸度的土壤中出现;耕层土壤CEC值相对比较稳定,试验土壤CEC值在8~10.75 cmol/kg之间,平均值为9.05 cmol/kg。供试土壤的保肥和酸化缓冲能力比较弱。     

Potassium behavior and clay mineral composition in the soil with low effectiveness of potassium application

ABSTRACT

Increasing exchangeable potassium (ExK) content in soil to an appropriate level is important to mitigate the transfer of radioactive cesium to crops. We focused on a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) field with a low ExK content, despite the application of K, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (Field A), following the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Dai-ichi (No. 1) Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. We examined the relationship between K concentration and clay mineral composition in the soil of Field A and compared the findings with another field in Fukushima Prefecture (Field B) to clarify whether K applied to the soil was leached or remaining fixed. Pot experiments showed that K concentration in water seepage from pots following irrigation was significantly lower in pots from Field A than in those from Field B. Soil ExK content after soybean cultivation was lower in soils of Field A than those of Field B. These results indicate that K applied to Field A was fixed in the soil. Analysis of clay mineral composition confirmed the distinctive vermiculitic nature of Field A soils. This clay mineralogy would be associated with the higher K fixation ability of Field A than Field B soils. This study demonstrated that K fixation in vermiculite was a factor preventing the increase in ExK content from K application to Field A.     

土壤有机质对交换性酸测定结果的影响

为探讨土壤有机质对两种常用的土壤交换性酸测定方法(BaCl_2-TEA提取法和KCl淋溶法)结果的影响,选取了85个不同有机质质量分数的酸性土壤并采用BaCl_2-TEA提取法和KCl淋溶法测定其交换性酸含量.结果表明,BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量远大于KCl淋溶法的测定结果.KCl淋溶法测得的土壤交换性酸含量与土壤pH值间的负相关性极有统计学意义(r=-0.79**),而BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量与土壤pH值间的相关性无统计学意义(r=-0.08).但BaCl_2-TEA提取法测得的土壤交换性酸含量却与土壤有机质质量分数间的正相关性极有统计学意义(r=0.94**).此外,由KCl淋溶法测得的土壤交换性酸进一步计算得到的盐基饱和度与土壤pH值间的相关性(r=0.69**)也大于BaCl_2-TEA提取法(r=0.25*).通常土壤酸化越严重,土壤pH值越低,交换性酸含量越高,盐基饱和度越低.可以得出,土壤有机质会使BaCl_2-TEA提取法的测定结果产生较大的正误差,而对KCl淋溶法的影响较小.由于土壤有机质中的腐殖酸会与BaCl_2-TEA提取法中的有机弱碱TEA发生反应,增加TEA用量,从而使计算得到的土壤交换性酸的结果偏高.因此,对于高有机质质量分数的酸性土壤,不宜采用BaCl_2-TEA提取法测定其交换性酸含量.但在KCl淋溶法中,由于K~+对Al~(3+)的交换能力较弱,使得该方法测得的土壤交换性酸含量偏低.因此,可乘以1.5左右的校正系数,以便能真实地反映出土壤交换性酸含量.     

农业用硫酸镁产品指标筛选及确定

为确定农业硫酸镁产品指标,通过收集分析农业用硫酸镁企业标准及产品田间肥效试验数据,开展样品检测等。结果表明:筛选镁(Mg)、硼(B)、铁(Fe)、水不溶物、pH、水分、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)为农业用硫酸镁产品指标,并确定其指标值分别为镁8.5%、硼0.3%、铁0.2%、水不溶物1.0%、pH3.0~7.0、水分含量≤7.0%、Hg含量≤5 mg·kg~(-1)、As含量≤10 mg·kg~(-1)、Cd含量≤10 mg·kg~(-1)、Pb含量≤50mg·kg~(-1)、Cr含量≤50mg·kg~(-1)。     

高镁胶磷矿对重金属污染土壤的钝化修复

通过室内培养试验,采取DTPA提取法研究了高镁胶磷矿在土壤中对重金属Cd、Pb的钝化作用。结果表明,高镁胶磷矿的施入显著降低了土壤重金属Cd、Pb的有效态含量,而且土壤中的Pb和Cd有效态含量与高镁胶磷矿的施入量呈显著负相关,由此说明高镁胶磷矿可降低重金属在土壤中的生物有效性和迁移性,从而达到修复重金属污染土地的目的;同一混施浓度下,高镁胶磷矿对重金属Pb的钝化效果相当于羟基磷灰石(HAP)(P0.05),而对于重金属Cd而言,HAP钝化效果强于高镁胶磷矿,8%高镁胶磷矿对重金属Cd的钝化效果与4%HAP基本持平(P0.05)。通过综合考虑钝化剂的来源、经济成本以及中国可利用磷矿资源缺乏等多方面因素,在重金属污染土壤修复的实际应用中,胶磷矿作为磷灰石的替代品具有一定的经济和研究意义。