YWS-1型烟田挖坑施肥机的研究设计与应用

为了更好地解决“烟草三农”问题，针对我国烟草种植落后的现状和发展趋势，研究和应用具有稳定挖坑和精量施肥等功能YWS-1型烟田挖坑施肥机。通过性能和生产试验测定和效益分析证明，该机具各项技术、性能指标符合设计要求，解决了烟草种植的问题，具有一定的创新特点和较好的推广和应用价值。     

毛竹资源现状与经营利用浅析

阐述了毛竹的生长特性,经济、生态效益及毛竹资源利用现状。结合新邵县自然地理、交通状况和毛竹产业发展现状,分析了当前新邵县毛竹开发利用存在的一些问题,并对今后毛竹产业的发展与经营利用模式进行了相应的探讨,以期为林农在毛竹生产经营与管理方面提供参考。     

微生物菌剂肥对超级杂交水稻生长和产量的影响

以两优959为供试水稻,设计了0、150、300和450 g/667m2 4种不同施用量处理,考察微生物菌剂肥对超级杂交水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,以常规施肥+300 g/667m2微生物菌剂肥的处理效果最好,与对照相比,其单株平均分蘖数多了2.4个,有效穗多了11.05%,产量增加了10.3%。这说明微生物菌剂肥在超级杂交水稻生产上具有较高推广应用价值。     

不同药剂处理对灵武长枣坐果与光合指标的影响

为了提高灵武长枣坐果率和单果质量,采用以色列专用肥(0.3%)、赤霉素(30×10-6)、爱乐壮(ALA、5-氨基乙酰丙酸)喷施处理大田种植的灵武长枣,测定其坐果率、光合速率、叶绿素含量、吊果量、单果质量等指标,分析不同药剂处理对灵武长枣坐果与光合作用的影响。结果表明:1‰ALA处理下的坐果率提高近1倍,且叶绿素含量、单果质量均高于对照;以色列肥处理下灵武长枣叶片的水分利用效率比对照高40%左右。因此推荐将1‰ALA和以色列专用肥应用于灵武长枣的生产实践中。     

Effects of CO2 Enrichment and Drought on Photosynthesis,Growth and Yield of an Old and a Modern Barley Cultivar

Susceptibility of crops to drought may change under atmospheric CO₂ enrichment. We tested the effects of CO₂ enrichment and drought on the older malting barley cultivar Golden Promise (GP) and the recent variety Bambina (BA). Hypothesizing that CO₂ enrichment mitigates the adverse effects of drought and that GP shows a stronger response to CO₂ enrichment than BA, plants of both cultivars were grown in climate chambers. Optimal and reduced watering levels and two CO₂ concentrations (380 and 550 ppm) were used to investigate photosynthetic parameters, growth and yield. In contrast to expectations, CO₂ increased total plant biomass by 34 % in the modern cultivar while the growth stimulation was not significant in GP. As a reaction to drought, BA showed reduced biomass under elevated CO₂, which was not seen in GP. Grain yield and harvest index (HI) were negatively influenced by drought and increased by CO₂ enrichment. BA formed higher grain yield and had higher water‐use efficiency of grain yield and HI compared to GP. CO₂ fertilization compensated for the negative effect of drought on grain yield and HI, especially in GP. Stomatal conductance proved to be the gas exchange parameter most sensitive to drought. Photosynthetic rate of BA showed more pronounced reaction to drought compared to GP. Overall, BA turned out to respond more intense to changes in water supply and CO₂ enrichment than the older GP.     

新型肥料与沼液替代在农业生产中的应用

随着现代农业的发展和农业生产技术的进步，通过探索新型肥料研发与推广、种养循环有机替代、农业生产水肥耦合运筹等新技术新模式，在保障作物稳产增产前提下,实现了减少农业生产投入、降低生产成本、提高生态效益的目标。本文介绍了新型肥料的研发推广和沼液替代化肥研究进展，归纳了新型肥料与沼液替代化肥技术效果，为优化施肥技术的应用提供参考。     

Foliage‐applied sodium nitroprusside and hydrogen peroxide improves resistance against terminal drought in bread wheat

Terminal drought is threatening the wheat productivity worldwide, which is consumed as a staple food by millions across the globe. This study was conducted to examine the influence of foliage‐applied stress signalling molecules hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; 50, 100, 150 μm ) and nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 50, 100, 150 μm ) on resistance against terminal drought in two bread wheat cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and BARS‐2009. These stress signalling molecules were applied at anthesis stage (BBCH 61); drought was then imposed by maintaining pots at 35% water holding capacity. Terminal drought caused significant reduction in grain yield of both tested bread wheat cultivars; however, foliage application of both stress signalling molecules at either concentration improved the performance of both bread wheat cultivars. Maximum improvement in 100‐grain weight (12.2%), grains per spike (19.7%), water‐use efficiency (WUE; 19.8%), chlorophyll content index (10.7%), total soluble phenolics (21.6%) and free leaf proline (34.3%), and highest reduction in leaf malondialdehyde contents (20.4%) was recorded when H₂O₂ was foliage‐applied at 100 μm . Foliage application of SNP enhanced the grains per spike, 100‐grain weight and grain yield by 14.9%, 11.3% and 20.1%, respectively, than control. The foliage‐applied stress signalling molecules improved the accumulation of soluble phenolics, proline and glycine betaine with simultaneous reduction in malondialdehyde contents, which enabled wheat plants to sustain the biological membranes under stress resulting in better stay green (high chlorophyll contents) under drought. This helped improving the grain number, grain weight, grain yield, WUE and transpiration efficiency. In crux, foliage‐applied H₂O₂ and SNP, at pre‐optimized rate, may be opted to lessen the drought‐induced yield losses in bread wheat in climate change conditions.     

几种综合施肥措施对早熟温州蜜柑生长和产量的影响

对广西国有良丰农场十二年生早熟温州蜜柑采用几种施肥方法,比较不同施肥措施下,该地区早熟温州蜜柑各个物候期的生长发育情况和果实产量。结果表明:处理4分别在各个物候期前进行5次合理的氮、磷、钾配方施肥,明显影响果树的生长发育情况,果实成熟期相对提前;平均单果重量增加,达到125 g/个;平均单株产量明显增加,达到93.60 kg/株;平均产量最高,为73.94 t/hm~2。因此,针对该地区独特的地理气候环境,适合于该地区的合理施肥方式对于提高果树产量和增加经济收入显得尤为重要。     

蚯蚓粪缓解草莓连作土壤障碍的作用

【目的】土壤灭菌处理已成为草莓生产中土传病害综合管理的重要措施,但是土壤灭菌明显抑制了土壤微生物的活性,影响草莓植株的生长。有机肥中含有大量的生物活性物质,尤其是蚯蚓粪。本研究通过观测连作土壤灭菌后施用不同有机肥对草莓植株地上部和地下部的影响,为减缓草莓植株生长的连作障碍提供有机肥选择。【方法】采用温室盆栽草莓模拟试验,首先在去除土壤化感效应影响基础上设置土壤灭菌和正常土壤栽培两个处理,探讨土壤灭菌对草莓植株不同阶段地上部叶片及地下部根系生长影响,在此基础上以相同连作土壤进行另一个盆栽试验,设置不灭菌土壤加无机肥料(LW)、 加牛粪(LN)、 加蚯蚓粪(LQ)处理,灭菌土壤加无机肥料(LMW)、 加牛粪(LMN)、 加蚯蚓粪(LMQ)共6个处理。调查了不同处理开花前苗期草莓植株地上部叶片及地下部根系的生长状况。【结果】土壤灭菌处理较相应未灭菌处理显著抑制了草莓花前幼苗阶段植株地下部的生长(P＜0.05),在果实成熟期、 盛果期及盛果末期植株生长均存在补长效应。土壤灭菌改变了草莓植株地上部和地下部正常的生长发育进程,植株不同发育阶段根冠比发生变化。无论连作土壤灭菌与否,施用无机肥料处理较施用有机肥处理显著抑制了根系生长(P＜0.05)。在不灭菌土壤上,施用蚯蚓粪处理草莓植株根系总长、 根系总表面积、 根尖数及根叉数与施用牛粪处理差异不显著,但灭菌土壤上,施加蚯蚓粪与施加牛粪相比,显著增加了草莓植株根系总长、 根系表面积及根叉数(P＜0.05)。【结论】蚯蚓粪与牛粪和无机肥料相比具有显著的生物活性。在草莓连作土壤灭菌后施用具有生物活性的蚯蚓粪,可以促进根系生长,缓解土壤灭菌对草莓植株生长发育的影响,是值得推荐的有效措施。     

基于GIS的村级尺度统计数据空间化方法与时序分析初探

选择重庆市巴南区石龙镇大连村、大兴村、白马村、金星村、合路村、柏树村、大桥村、大园村和中伦村9个行政村作为研究区,将研究区的遥感影像、数字高程模型、行政界线等数据的空间参考坐标系统一为1980西安坐标系,选择2006-2012年研究区的农用肥施用量数据作为村级尺度统计数据空间化方法研究的研究数据,利用专家打分法对不同土地利用类型与农用肥施用之间的相关性进行打分,分值范围是0~1分。结合村级行政界线、行政村面积、农用肥施用量、土地利用数据和专家打分结果,构建农用肥施用数据空间化模型,分别生成2006-2012年村级农用肥施用数据空间化分布栅格数据,栅格尺度选择1、10、100和200 m这4种,并对栅格化结果进行对比分析。同时,对2006-2012年的农用肥施用空间分布数据进行时序分析,获取农用肥施用量的动态变化趋势。通过研究得到以下结论:1村级农用肥施用量数据空间化尺度与土地利用数据的类型及空间分辨率有关;2研究区各行政村农用肥施用量在2006-2012年期间总体变化趋于平稳。本研究对于实现村级统计数据空间化方法具有一定的参考意义,而空间化后的村级统计数据对于进行村镇区域规划、土地整改、生态环境保护等具有重要指导意义。