用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素和壳聚糖

介绍了用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素及壳聚糖的方法及过程,通过傅立叶变换红外光谱仪的检测并与美国标准谱图库检索出的用蟹壳制备的壳聚糖光谱图对照,证实丰年虫卵壳制备的壳聚糖。     

Contribution of microorganisms to the biofilm nutritional quality: protein and lipid contents

The nutritional quality of biofilm, a microbial community associated to an organic matrix, was evaluated in artificial substrate (polyethylene screen) in net cages during 30 days in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Southern Brazil. During this period, samples of biofilm were collected each 5 days for analysis of chlorophyll a, microorganisms abundance, dry weight, protein and lipid contents. During the study, chlorophyll a varied from 0.38 to 2.75 μg cm^?2; dry weight between 7.16 and 17.63 mg cm^?2; protein content from 0.43 to 1.76 mg cm^?2 and lipid concentration between 1.21 and 4.23 mg cm^?2. The variation of lipid in the biofilm was closely related to the abundance of free heterotrophic bacteria (34.25–56.54 × 10⁶ cells cm^?2), filamentous cyanobacteria (7.5–15.9 × 10⁶ filaments cm^?2), flagellates (6.92–12.89 × 10⁶ cells cm^?2) and mainly nematodes (29–1,414 organisms cm^?2), while protein content varied similarly to the abundance of unicellular centric diatoms (52.10–179.81 × 10³ cells cm^?2), and nematodes. This information will allow a better management of food supply to raised aquatic organism with the utilization of natural productivity in the culture systems, with considerable decrease in production costs.     

Feeding responses of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed at different frequencies under laboratory conditions

In shrimp farms, food partitioning during the course of the day is contradictory, ethology studies may help in determining the proper frequency. Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles were placed in 30 L aquariums (41 m⁻²), exposed to a 12:12 h light–dark cycle. Feeding was provided at 10% of biomass three, four and seven times per day, with observations made in 15 min h⁻¹ windows, initiated after the ration was offered. Latency to access the feeding tray and to start eating was recorded using instantaneous focal sampling and digestive tract filling (DTF) by the continuous focal method. Weight gain was recorded at the end of the experiment. We performed seven repetitions, with 28 individuals observed for 33 days for each treatment (490 h of observation). The three-times offering induced less latency for accessing the tray and for ingesting the feed as well as a higher DTF when compared with the other frequencies. Animals fed three and four times had similar weight gains, and were greater than those fed seven times. Our results indicate that a more spaced food offering stimulates the search for and ingestion of feed. As compared with other frequencies, the three-times-per-day option assumes lower labour costs and a more efficient use of the feed.     

Effects of formalin on total haemocytes count and histopathological changes in the shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti (Pérez‐Farfante & Kensley 1997)

Formalin is used in shrimp industry to eliminate ectoparasites and as a disinfectant. However, the effect of formalin on shrimp's defense mechanism is unknown. Several biomarkers were used to assess the immune response of juveniles of the shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti exposed to different concentrations of formalin (10, 25 and 50 mg L^?1) during 24 and 48 h. Formalin concentrations of 25 and 50 mg L^?1 produced a significant reduction in the total haemocyte count at both 24 and 48 h. Peroxidase and phenoloxidase activity did not show variations. The total protein concentration in haemolymph of shrimps was not significantly different between experimental groups. Histological analysis showed hyperplasia in the gills of animals exposed at 10 mg L^?1 for 24 h; however, the exposure at 25 and 50 mg L^?1 caused necrosis in gills, hepathopancreas and the antennal gland.     

Effect of casein substitution with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal in the diet of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The effect of dietary substitution of casein with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal on the growth of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino was determined. A 350 g casein per kilogram diet was included into the CS diet. The whole casein was then substituted by: (1) 300 g fishmeal and 200 g soybean meal per kilogram diet (FS), (2) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g krill meal per kilogram diet (FSK), (3) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 280 g red crab meal per kilogram diet (FSC) or (4) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g shrimp head meal per kilogram diet (FSS). In addition, a 50‐g by‐product of green tea per kilogram diet was included in the FS diet to form the FSG diet. Sea tangle (ST)diet was supplied to abalone as a control feed. Weight gain, final shell length and final shell width of abalone fed with the various substitution feeds (FS, FSK, FSC, FSS and FSG) were not different from those obtained with the CS diet. All the formulated feeds, however, produced higher weight gain and final shell width values than the ST diet. The results of this study show that casein can be replaced with a combination of fishmeal, soybean meal, krill meal, crab meal and/or shrimp head meal in the diet without a retardation of growth of abalone.     

饲料中添加天蚕素抗菌肽对南美白对虾免疫功能、抗病力的影响

本研究以南美白对虾为研究对象,探究饲料中天蚕素抗菌肽的合适添加量。在饲料中依次添加不同浓度水平（0%、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%）的天蚕素抗菌肽,配制为6种配合饲料,用以投喂南美白对虾,饲养周期8周。结果显示：与对照组相比,饲料中添加天蚕抗菌肽对南美白对虾增重率、蛋白质沉积率和特定生长率有显著影响（P＜0.05）,高水平天蚕素抗菌肽会抑制南美白对虾的增重率和特定生长率,南美白对虾的饵料系数显著下降,但对南美白对虾存活率和摄食率无显著影响（P＞0.05）|随着饲料中天蚕素抗菌肽的添加水平不断增加,3%组南美白对虾的ACP、POD和SOD含量达到最大水平,与对照组有明显差异（P＜0.05）|随着饲料中天蚕素抗菌肽的添加水平的不断上升,3%组南美白对虾的淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶含量最高,与对照组存在明显差异（P＜0.05）。结果表明,饲料中添加天蚕素抗菌肽显著提高南美白对虾的增重率和特定生长率,提高南美白对虾的生长发育速度,从而增强机体免疫力,提高南美白对虾的抗病能力。 [关键词]天蚕抗菌肽|南美白对虾|抗病力|免疫功能     

虾塘养殖对红树林沉积物和间隙水理化性质的影响

红树林湿地在近海水体营养控制和营养盐循环过程中扮演着重要的角色。沉积物、水体和植被相互作用共同维持其生态功能的运转,了解虾塘养殖对林下沉积物和间隙水养分特征影响对评价红树林生态功能具有重要指导意义。本研究以受虾塘养殖废水排放不同影响程度的红树林（无排放区、直排区、修复区）为研究样地,通过不同生境下沉积物与间隙水养分特征的分析,探讨虾塘养殖对他们的影响。结果如下：1）受虾塘养殖废水排放影响区中（直排区、修复区）红树林下沉积物TN与OM、TP呈正相关关系,虾塘养殖废水直排对林下沉积物具有明显酸化作用;2)NH4+-N是红树林下间隙水可溶性无机氮（DIN）的主要组成形式,无排放区沉积物还原性较强,更利于NH4+-N累积在间隙水中;NO3--N与DIN呈极显著相关,虾塘养殖废水排放增强了NO3--N、NO2--N和DIN的累积效应。研究结果表明沉积物和间隙水的理化性质可作为评价虾塘养殖区边邻红树林生境变化规律的定量指标之一。     

致对虾肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

【目的】建立一种对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病（Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease）病原菌副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VpAHPND）荧光定量 PCR 检测方法,对该病进行快速检测。【方法】根据副溶血弧菌基因保守序列设计特异性引物和探针,经优化反应体系及条件,建立检测 VpAHPND 的荧光定量 PCR 方法;以重组质粒为标准品制作标准曲线,并进行特异性、敏感性、重复性及临床应用试验。【结果】该方法定量范围宽,起始模板浓度范围为 2.3×101 ~2.3×107 拷贝 /μL 时,标准曲线具有良好的线性关系;最低检测限为 2.3 拷贝/μL,与对虾其他病原菌及病毒无交叉反应,重复试验变异系数为 0.45%~0.69%,可在 1 h 内完成样品检测;对临床对虾样品的检测结果表明,该方法与世界动物卫生组织（OIE）推荐的套式 PCR 法检测结果一致。【结论】应用 TaqMan 探针建立的检测 VpAHPND 的荧光定量 PCR 方法具有灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好的特点,可有效用于临床对虾样品的 VpAHPND 检测。     

有益微生物对海水养虾池浮游生物生态特征的影响研究

研究了有益微生物对海水虾池浮游生物生态特征的影响。通过对虾养殖系统中浮游动物与浮游植物进行为期3个月的监测,结果表明试验组虾池的浮游植物密度表现为前期低,中期迅速增长,后期达顶峰,并维持在70×106～160×106cell·L-1的水平,前期种类以硅藻类为主,后期则以绿藻类为主;同时试验池浮游动物的密度也保持稳定增长态势,并在养殖后期维持在顶峰水平,密度达到25×103～30×103ind·m-3,种类以广盐、适低盐的沿岸种为主,但优势种明显;对照池的浮游植物和浮游动物呈现前期低后期高的态势。其变化差异表现为对照组的浮游植物和浮游动物在后期的密度变动起伏较大,且出现较大比例的有害的兰藻类,而试验池的兰藻类只占较少的比例,说明芽孢杆菌群能抑制兰藻类的繁殖,促进有益藻类生长;浮游生物的多样性指数较低,低于自然海区,但种类均匀度则较高,与自然海区相当。     

卤虫卵化学成分的分离与分析

本试验对卤虫卵的化学成分进行分离和分析。卤虫卵的含油量为7．1％，油中不皂化物的含量为4．9％，主要为胆甾醇。脂肪酸中含有较大量的油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、花生四烯酸和二十碳五烯酸。卤虫卵含蛋白质为20．9％，还含有多种氨基酸。