Target the core: durable plant resistance against filamentous plant pathogens through effector recognition

Plant pathogens colonize their host through the secretion of effector proteins that modulate plant metabolism and immune responses to their benefit. Plants evolve towards effector recognition, leading to host immunity. Typically, pathogen effectors are targets for recognition through plant receptors that are encoded by resistance genes. Resistance gene mediated crop immunity puts a tremendous pressure on pathogens to adapt and alter their effector repertoire to overcome recognition. We argue that the type of effector that is recognized by the host may have considerable implications on the durability of resistance against filamentous plant pathogens. Effector genes that are conserved among pathogens and reside in core genome regions are most likely to hold indispensable virulence functions. Consequently, the cost for the pathogen to overcome recognition by the host is higher than for diversified, host‐specific effectors with a quantitative impact on virulence. Consequently, resistance genes that directly target conserved effector proteins without the interception of other effector proteins are potentially excellent resistance resources. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

1971—2015年鲁西南地区旱涝演变时空分布特征

旨在分析鲁西南地区的旱涝时空分布特征。笔者利用鲁西南地区9个县区1971—2015年的逐月降水资料,采用不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI)分析旱涝变化特征。结果表明：鲁西南地区20世纪70年代以雨涝为主,80年代干旱加剧,90年代又转为雨涝,21世纪00年代干旱持续减弱,雨涝加剧;旱涝的季节变化呈现旱涝交替发生的特点,其中夏季雨涝发生较为频繁,春夏秋季的SPI线性变化趋势较为平稳,无明显的干旱或雨涝趋势,冬季雨涝呈微弱增多趋势,干旱减少,但变化趋势不明显;在旱涝的空间分布上,全区3个区域的旱涝变化趋势基本一致,整体均呈微弱的雨涝化趋势,但变化趋势未达显著水平;21世纪初期的旱涝变率最大,20世纪70年代—90年代前期的旱涝变率无明显变化,90年代后期至21世纪初期的旱涝变率呈现出明显的干湿变化。鲁西南地区的旱涝变化具有明显的阶段性,旱涝发生极为频繁,整体呈现出涝—旱—涝的变化过程。     

西江流域干支流水沙时空分布变化分析

采用南宁、贵港、大湟江口、梧州和高要站近60年的实测径流量和输沙量系列,从沿程变化、年际变化和年内变化三个方面分析了西江流域干支流水沙时空分布变化。结果表明:西江流域水沙主要来源于西江干流,各站年径流量、年输沙量基本随里程增加而增大;年径流量、年输沙量整体呈下降趋势,且干流浔江、西江河段下降趋势程度大于支流郁江河段,各站年径流量年代间基本呈“枯-丰-枯-丰-枯”变化,大湟江口、梧州和高要站年输沙量年代间呈“低-高-低-高-低”变化;西江流域干支流径流、输沙年内分配十分不均,大型水库建设均降低了径流、泥沙年内分配的不均匀性,使得汛期径流、泥沙占比均减低。     

87份中熟棉种质资源亲缘关系和遗传多样性研究

为了阐明不同中熟棉种质资源间的亲缘关系,为优势杂交组合选配亲本材料,最终得到目标优良种质及审定品种,利用SRAP分子标记技术对87份中熟棉品种（系）进行遗传多样性分析。从80对引物组合中筛选出多态性引物,用于供试材料的PCR扩增。结果显示,筛选出的17对多态性引物共扩增出168个位点,其中90个位点呈现多态性,平均每对引物产生5.29个多态性位点,多态率达53.57%。利用NTSYS-pc2.11软件数据分析显示,87份材料之间的相似系数为0.61~1.00,平均值为0.82。当遗传相似系数为0.73时,可将87份棉花材料分为两大类,其中第Ⅰ类群包含65个材料,第Ⅱ类群包含22个材料。遗传多样性分析表明本文中选用的中熟棉种质资源遗传基础比较狭窄,今后结合分子标记结果选用亲缘关系较远的材料作为杂交亲本,创制新的中熟棉种质资源。     

Phylogenetic origins and family classification of typhuloid fungi,with emphasis on Ceratellopsis,Macrotyphula and Typhula (Basidiomycota)

Typhuloid fungi are a very poorly known group of tiny clavarioid homobasidiomycetes. The phylogenetic position and family classification of the genera targeted here, Ceratellopsis, Macrotyphula, Pterula sensu lato and Typhula, are controversial and based on unresolved phylogenies. Our six-gene phylogeny with an expanded taxon sampling shows that typhuloid fungi evolved at least twice in the Agaricales (Pleurotineae, Clavariineae) and once in the Hymenochaetales. Macrotyphula, Pterulicium and Typhula are nested within the Pleurotineae. The type of Typhula (1818) and Sclerotium (1790), T. phacorrhiza and S. complanatum (synonym T. phacorrhiza), are encompassed in the Macrotyphula clade that is distantly related to a monophyletic group formed by species usually assigned to Typhula. Thus, the correct name for Macrotyphula (1972) and Typhula is Sclerotium and all Typhula species but those in the T. phacorrhiza group need to be transferred to Pistillaria (1821). To avoid undesirable nomenclatural changes, we suggest to conserve Typhula with T. incarnata as type. Clavariaceae is supported as a separate, early diverging lineage within Agaricales, with Hygrophoraceae as a successive sister taxon to the rest of the Agaricales. Ceratellopsis s. auct. is polyphyletic because C. acuminata nests in Clavariaceae and C. sagittiformis in the Hymenochaetales. Ceratellopsis is found to be an earlier name for Pterulicium, because the type, C. queletii, represents Pterulicium gracile (synonym Pterula gracilis), deeply nested in the Pterulicium clade. To avoid re-combining a large number of names in Ceratellopsis we suggest to conserve it with C. acuminata as type. The new genus Bryopistillaria is created to include C. sagittiformis. The families Sarcomyxaceae and Phyllotopsidaceae, and the suborder Clavariineae, are described as new. Six new combinations are proposed and 15 names typified.     

黑河市自然灾害的演变及预防

指出了黑河市的主要自然灾害是水灾、旱灾、低温冻害及冰雹。通过对黑河气象观测站观测资料进行统计，发现这些自然灾害在1960~2009年半个世纪时间内有次数逐渐增多、影响加重的趋势。旱灾、水灾的这种趋势最明显，而低温冻害、冰雹的次数呈震荡式增高。在了解这些规律的基础上，提出了应将灾害预防救助的重点放在水、旱灾害的预防，尤其应该加大力度预防旱灾，同时也要注意极端天气增多引发的低温冻害及冰雹灾害的预防。     

一种基于状态空间模型的进化算法

传统进化算法主要通过选择、重组和变异这三种遗传操作实现种群的进化。在进化过程中通常需要设定群体规模、交叉概率和变异概率等参数，而且它们的值会直接影响计算结果及精度。为了简化操作过程，设计一种基于离散系统状态空间模型的进化算法，这种算法采用实数编码方式，构造一个状态进化矩阵来实现重组和变异的功能，提高算法的可操作性和可靠性。并将该算法应用于求解无约束全局优化问题，对几种典型的测试函数进行仿真，结果表明：这种新的进化算法具有搜索能力强、收敛速度快、计算精度高、操作简单等优点，对相关研究有参考作用。     

科学研究需要和谐的人际关系

论述和谐的人际关系的重要作用以及不和谐的人际关系对科学研究的影响。倡导构建和谐的人际关系，建立以宽容的精神、理性的态度正确对待和解决问题；弘扬团结互助、相互信任、同创事业、共谋发展、以诚相待、平等友爱、崇尚道德、诚信文明的新型人际关系。     

Genetic Diversity of Microsatellite LEI0258 in MHC-B Region of Royal Chicken

The aim of this study was to evaluate the polymorphism and evolution in royal chicken using the tandem repeat microsatellite LEI0258 located within the chicken major histocompatibility complex B region (MHC-B). Genomic DNA was extracted from forty blood samples of royal chicken and used to be genotyped and sequenced. Combining the published sequences,the analysis of allele and nucleotide polymorphism and median-joining network were carried out. A total of nine alleles ranging from 193 to 297 bp in 40 samples were found,five of which was novel for royal chicken. The observed heterozygosity,expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content were 0.625,0.716 and 0.666,respectively. Three alleles were corresponding to six available serotypes. Alleles were classified into five clusters,based on the SNPs and indels found within the sequences flanking the repeats. The alleles of royal chicken existed in clades A and B,both of which were also found in Red junglefowl. The results suggested that royal chicken had a middle or high level of genetic diversity in microsatellite LEI0258,and that might originate from Red junglefowl.     

Trophic relationships between a native and a nonnative predator in a system of natural lakes

Abstract – Bull trout, a species of char listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act, have been displaced from portions of their historic range following the introduction of nonnative lake trout. It has been suggested that competitive exclusion as a result of trophic overlap between bull trout and lake trout may be the causal mechanism associated with displacement of bull trout. This study used stable isotope data to evaluate trophic relationships among native bull trout, nonnative lake trout and other fishes in seven lakes in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. Bull trout and lake trout had greater δ¹⁵N values relative to other fishes among lakes (δ¹⁵N ≥ 3.0‰). Lake trout had greater δ¹⁵N values relative to bull trout (δ¹⁵N = +1.0‰). Bull trout had greater δ¹³C values relative to lake trout in six of the seven lakes examined. Although both bull trout and lake trout had greater δ¹⁵N values relative to other fishes within lakes in GNP, differences in δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C between bull trout and lake trout suggest that they are consuming different prey species or similar prey species in different proportions. Therefore, displacement of bull trout as a direct result of complete overlap in food resource use is not anticipated unless diet shifts occur or food resources become limiting. Additionally, future studies should evaluate food habits to identify important prey species and sources of partial dietary overlap between bull trout and lake trout.