糖基天然表面活性剂蔗糖酯的研究综述

综述了非离子糖基天然表面活性剂蔗糖酯的各种合成方法:酰氯酯化法、酯交换法、酶催化法等.重点介绍了现有的较成熟的酯交换法的各种工艺,包括溶剂法,水溶剂法和无溶剂法,并介绍了不同合成方法相应的精制工艺和检测方法,指出了现有各种工艺的优点和缺陷,并展望了我国蔗糖酯工业发展的趋势.     

尿素包接法预浓缩鱼油生理活性组分的研究

为了提高鱼油中生理活性组分ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的含量，以鱼油乙酯为原料，将其与饱和的尿素－乙醇溶液进行包合作用，而使鱼油中的饱和脂肪酸成结晶析出，以达到预浓缩的目的。随着尿素与鱼油乙酯摩尔比的增加，或结晶温度的降低，容易获得ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ含量在７０％以上的制品。     

β-二氢沉香呋喃类化合物构效关系的研究新进展

归纳总结了近年来从卫茅科植物苦皮藤(Celastrus angulatus Max.)中分离得到的具有杀虫活性成分的β-二氢沉香呋喃为骨架的多元醇酯类化合物。并根据目前新的研究结果,对已经有文献报道的该类化合物的杀虫活性、取代基结构等进行系统的归类和分析,总结出该类化合物化学结构与杀虫活性之间存在的特定规律,为进一步探索苦皮藤中杀虫成分的构效关系,尝试合成新的具有不同取代基团的β-二氢沉香呋喃类化合物,起到一定的指导作用。     

Capacity of fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns to describe differences in soil microbial communities associated with increased salinity or alkalinity at three locations in South Australia

 Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles, together with Biolog substrate utilization patterns, were used in conjunction with measurements of other soil chemical and microbiological properties to describe differences in soil microbial communities induced by increased salinity and alkalinity in grass/legume pastures at three sites in SE South Australia. Total ester-linked FAMEs (EL-FAMEs) and phospholipid-linked FAMEs (PL-FAMEs), were also compared for their ability to detect differences between the soil microbial communities. The level of salinity and alkalinity in affected areas of the pastures showed seasonal variation, being greater in summer than in winter. At the time of sampling for the chemical and microbiological measurements (winter) only the affected soil at site 1 was significantly saline. The affected soils at all three sites had lower organic C and total N concentrations than the corresponding non-affected soils. At site 1 microbial biomass, CO₂-C respiration and the rate of cellulose decomposition was also lower in the affected soil compared to the non-affected soil. Biomarker fatty acids present in both the EL- and PL-FAME profiles indicated a lower ratio of fungal to bacterial fatty acids in the saline affected soil at site 1. Analysis of Biolog substrate utilization patterns indicated that the bacterial community in the affected soil at site 1 utilized fewer carbon substrates and had lower functional diversity than the corresponding community in the non-affected soil. In contrast, increased alkalinity, of major importance at sites 2 and 3, had no effect on microbial biomass, the rate of cellulose decomposition or functional diversity but was associated with significant differences in the relative amounts of several fatty acids in the PL-FAME profiles indicative of a shift towards a bacterial dominated community. Despite differences in the number and relative amounts of fatty acids detected, principal component analysis of the EL- and PL-FAME profiles were equally capable of separating the affected and non-affected soils at all three sites. Redundancy analysis of the FAME data showed that organic C, microbial biomass, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate-extractable P were significantly correlated with variation in the EL-FAME profiles, whereas pH, electrical conductivity, NH₄-N, CO₂-C respiration and the microbial quotient were significantly correlated with variation in the PL-FAME profiles. Redundancy analysis of the Biolog data indicated that cation exchange capacity and bicarbonate-extractable K were significantly correlated with the variation in Biolog substrate utilization patterns. Received: 8 March 2000     

微波萃取-气质联用法测定沉积物中的酞酸酯类化合物

用微波萃取仪、乙腈溶剂提取沉积物中的5种酞酸酯类化合物,萃取溶液经氟罗里硅土小柱净化、氮吹浓缩后用气相色谱-质谱法分析。该方法检出限为0.030 mg/kg,空白样品酞酸酯类加标回收率为72.5%～108.0%,标准偏差小于2%。     

Compositional analysis and in vivo anti-diabetic activity of wild Algerian Marrubium vulgare L. infusion

Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes in Algeria. Compositional analysis of the aqueous infusion revealed the presence of fifteen metabolites, all belonging to the class of polyphenols. Particularly, seven flavonoids have been detected, together with 5-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic) acid in small amounts; the extract is dominated by the presence of a series of complex molecules, characterized as verbascoside (acteoside) derivatives. Concerning the anti-diabetic effectiveness a series of in vivo experiments were carried out on albinos Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced in the animals by intra-peritoneal injection of alloxane; they were treated twice a day with aqueous extract from aerial part infusion (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight) and glibenclamide (5mg/kg body weight) for 15 days. Oral administration of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract the Marrubium vulgare induced an significant effect antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic (dose-dependent effect). A decrease in blood glucose by 50% for the dose 100 mg/kg and more than 60% for doses 200 and 300 mg/kg, as well as a significant lowering of total lipids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels in treated animals, compared with diabetic controls group (p<0.001), have been observed. Glibenclamide was used as reference and showed similar effects.     

黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物健康风险评价

近年来黄河兰州段的邻苯二甲酸酯类污染日渐严重,为研究黄河兰州段水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,根据黄河兰州段2005年5个采样点水质监测数据,应用美国环境保护局（USEPA）的健康风险评价方法对邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物通过饮水和皮肤接触2种途径进入人体的健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物的非致癌风险指数值均小于1,其中邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯的非致癌风险指数值相对较高,在10-2数量级,偏高于邻苯二甲酸正丁酯。从位于兰州市饮用水水源地范围内的3号采样点（S3）采集的水样中邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物的非致癌风险指数值偏高,具有较高的健康风险。不同暴露途径健康风险的对比表明,饮水是水体中有毒有机污染物危害人体健康的最主要途径,其对人体健康总风险的贡献远大于洗浴皮肤暴露。常规的自来水处理工艺不能有效地去除源水中微量PAEs等有机污染物,因此地面水特别是饮用源水PAEs污染具有较大的健康风险。与国内其他地区相比,黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物的非致癌风险亦较高。     

2株邻苯二甲酸酯高效降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解性能

为获得用于修复邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染的高效降解菌,通过富集培养的方法从土壤中筛选出2株PAEs降解菌(RXX-2、RXX-3),经形态观察、生化鉴定和16S r DNA序列分析对菌株进行了鉴定,并对其降解性能进行了分析。结果表明:菌株RXX-2和RXX-3初步鉴定为食异源物鞘氨醇菌(Sphingobium xenophagum)和鳗败血假单胞菌(Pseudomonas anguilliseptica)。菌株RXX-2降解PAEs的最佳条件为p H 8、温度30℃、转速175 r·min~(-1)、接种量1.5%;菌株RXX-3降解PAEs的最佳条件为p H 7、温度30℃、转速175 r·min~(-1)、接种量1.0%。在最佳降解条件下,经过5 d的培养,菌株RXX-2对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的降解率分别达到71.43%和52.85%,RXX-3对DBP和DEHP的降解率分别达到98.98%和62.96%,表明2株降解菌在PAEs污染环境的生物修复方面具有良好的应用前景。     

富里酸对土壤中DnBP的降解及微生物活性的影响

为探究富里酸对有机污染物DnBP的降解和土壤微生物活性的作用,采用土壤培养试验,研究了FA对土壤中DnBP的降解动力学过程及土壤微生物活性的影响规律。结果表明,FA的添加缩短了DnBP的降解半衰期,FA各处理组的半衰期为对照处理的48.1%~67.7%;FA促进了土壤的基础呼吸,40mg g-1处理组促进作用最强,最大CO2释放量为空白对照组的40.87倍;而过氧化氢酶活性则表现出了低浓度FA(10~20mg g-1)促进,高浓度FA(40~160mg g-1)抑制的变化趋势;FA对土壤脱氢酶活性主要表现为促进作用,40~160mg g-1FA对脱氢酶活性促进作用显著。相关分析结果表明FA用量与土壤中DnBP降解率呈正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈极显著负相关,与土壤呼吸强度、脱氢酶活性呈极显著正相关。通径分析结果表明FA用量与土壤中DnBP降解率之间有较强的直接效应,还与土壤呼吸强度、土壤酶之间存在间接效应,从而影响DnBP的降解。