PCR结合表型鉴定对超高压处理后的冷藏带鱼细菌菌相分析

为了研究超高压处理对带鱼微生物菌群组成的影响,该文通过形态学特征、生理生化鉴定、16S r RNA序列分析鉴定及系统发育树的建立,分别分析290 MPa、6 min超高压处理前后于4℃冷藏12 d内的带鱼菌相变化,最终分离筛选到24株不同特征的纯化菌株。结果显示,带鱼初始菌相中出现的布式假单胞菌(Pseudomonas brenneri)、黄褐假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fulva)、粪嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter faecalis)菌株,经超高压处理后的样品中未能筛选到;波罗的海希瓦氏菌(Shewanella baltica)、隆德假单胞菌(Pseudomonas lundensis)、嗜根寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas rhizophila)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、氧化微杆菌(Microbacterium oxydans)等微生物在超高压处理后的贮藏期间数量逐渐减少至消失;另有一些微生物在贮藏期间逐渐恢复生长,如Rhizobium larrymoorei、Microbacterium halimionae、溶酪大球菌(Macrococcus caseolyticus),而奥斯陆莫拉菌(Moraxella osloensis)、藤黄微球菌(Kocuria rhizophila)、产乳酸菌素的肉杆菌(Carnobacterium maltaromaticum)、西宫皮肤球菌(Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis)等受超高压的影响较小,尤其是产乳酸菌素的肉杆菌(Carnobacterium maltaromaticum)占好氧菌和厌氧菌菌落总数的比例均较高;Leucobacter aerolatus、成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)、结肠炎耶尔森杆菌palearctica亚种(Yersinia enterocolitica subsp.palearctica)、Chryseobacterium vrystaatense、鼠李糖短杆菌(Brachybacterium rhamnosum)在贮藏末期出现。从带鱼冷藏过程中细菌的组成与变化分析可见,超高压处理对革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌效果较好,而革兰氏阳性菌对超高压处理的耐受性较强。在超高压技术的影响下,致腐败能力较强的微生物被抑制,腐败能力稍弱的微生物成为优势菌,这可能是超高压技术能够有效延长带鱼货架期的因素之一。     

Soil stress as affected by wheel load and tyre inflation pressure

The relative importance of wheel load and tyre inflation pressure on topsoil and subsoil stresses has long been disputed in soil compaction research. The objectives of the experiment presented here were to (1) measure maximum soil stresses and stress distribution in the topsoil for different wheel loads at the same recommended tyre inflation pressure; (2) measure soil stresses at different inflation pressures for the given wheel loads; and (3) measure subsoil stresses and compare measured and simulated values. Measurements were made with the wheel loads 11, 15 and 33 kN at inflation pressures of 70, 100 and 150 kPa. Topsoil stresses were measured at 10 cm depth with five stress sensors installed in disturbed soil, perpendicular to driving direction. Contact area was measured on a hard surface. Subsoil stresses were measured at 30, 50 and 70 cm depth with sensors installed in undisturbed soil. The mean ground contact pressure could be approximated by the tyre inflation pressure (only) when the recommended inflation pressure was used. The maximum stress at 10 cm depth was considerably higher than the inflation pressure (39% on average) and also increased with increasing wheel load. While tyre inflation pressure had a large influence on soil stresses measured at 10 cm depth, it had very little influence in the subsoil (30 cm and deeper). In contrast, wheel load had a very large influence on subsoil stresses. Measured and simulated values agreed reasonably well in terms of relative differences between treatments, but the effect of inflation pressure on subsoil stresses was overestimated in the simulations. To reduce soil stresses exerted by tyres in agriculture, the results show the need to further study the distribution of stresses under tyres. For calculation of subsoil stresses, further validations of commonly used models for stress propagation are needed.     

Mass mortality of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in the Dutch Wadden Sea, winter 1999/2000: starvation in a commercially exploited wetland of international importance

Mass mortality of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) was observed in winter 1999/2000 in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Approximately 21,000 common eiders died. Dissected birds were severely emaciated and 94% were infected with the acanthocephalan parasite Profilicollis botulus. Green shore crabs (Carcinus maenas), intermediate hosts of the parasite, were slightly more ‘available’ than in other years, but parasite infections in the eiders were close to normal. Few eiders were oiled (5%), there were no toxicological, bacteriological, or virological explanations for the observed mortality.In the Wadden Sea, a wetland of international importance, mussel (Mytilus edulis) cultures occur in sublittoral areas, while mechanical cockle (Cerastoderma edule) fisheries are licensed annually after evaluation of available resources. The wintering eiders in 1999/2000 required c. 3.1 million kg ash-free dry mass, while information on mussel and cockle stocks (irrespective of accessibility and profitability) suggested a resource 4.7× the requirement of common eiders only. Food shortage is suggested to have caused the observed mortality, involving both principal (mussels and cockles) and secondary (Spisula) prey.Winter census reports showed shifts in wintering distribution of common eiders in the 1990s, indicating the utilisation of Spisula in the North Sea in poor food years in the Wadden Sea. Following particularly intense fisheries in summer 1999, attempts to feed on Spisula in winter 1999/2000 failed. It is hypothesised that overfishing of mussels and cockles in the Wadden Sea in the early 1990s resulted in structurally reduced food resources, contractions of the foraging area of common eiders, and increased use of secondary prey in the North Sea.     

玉米高压淀粉糊流变特性的研究

高压玉米淀粉糊的流变特性为：随含水量提高剪切模量、动态粘度和耗损角都提高；在小于９０Ｈｚ低频波作用下，高压淀粉糊的剪切模量和动态粘度因保压时间延长而增大；在１００Ｈｚ的剪切波作用下，高压淀粉糊的上述特征值则因保压时间延长而减小。     

The Effect of Inoculum Pressure, Germplasm Selection and Environment on Spring Barley Cultivar Mixtures Efficacy

A range of mixtures including one set made from cultivars grown in the UK and one from cultivars grown in Poland, were included, along with their component cultivars, in nine trials at Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, UK or at the Experimental Plant Breeding Station of the IHAR, Baków near Kluczbork, Poland, over five seasons. The effects of inoculum pressure, plot size, fertiliser level and germplasm on mixture efficacy were investigated. In the four trials where inoculum pressure was controlled, mixtures reduced infection more at lower inoculum pressures, but this did not translate into yield benefit. Smaller plots increased mildew in monocultures but not mixtures. Fertiliser levels increased mildew levels but did not affect mixture efficacy. There were large differences between both Polish and UK germplasm, and between Polish and UK trial sites, but the performance of the mixtures compared with their respective monoculture components was similar within both germplasm groups and trial sites. Mixtures reduced lodging and affected plant height and heading date. The advantages of mixtures for improving yield, reducing fungicide applications and improving agronomic characteristics was demonstrated and there seems to be great potential for their further improvement and exploitation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Self-exited Oscillation Vortex Chamber Watering Device

A new type of watering device ,self exited oscillation vortex chamber watering device, is put forward.The jet is controlled by a circular vortex chamber,and self exited oscillation occurs due to a pressure difference between the left and right parts of vortex chamber. By the momentum balance of jet and the masses of air flowing into or out the chamber though air hole,the critical pressure and the time required for reaching the critical pressure can be calculated. This watering device has appropriate size of water drops and uniform water distribution.     

机械通风降温效果的数值评估

地槽通风是机械通风的常用形式,是保证粮食安全储存和保持粮食品质的重要措施.常规的试验研究测量方法难以全面和准确评估设计的有效性和合理性.本研究利用计算机流动模拟的方法(CFD)对常用的U形地槽通风方案进行了数值研究,获得了风道中流速和压力分布的关键性数据,发现了与实际现象相符合的通风死角区域,同时又发现了常规测量手段中难以探测到的风道之间存在的通风薄弱区域,在理论上分析了存在通风死角和风道压力损失的原因.计算流体力学研究方法的运用可成为机械通风优化设计研究的有效工具,为今后机械通风应用技术的发展提供针对性和实用性的依据.     

Intra-abdominal Pressure Screening of Horses With Colic

The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in horses with colic by associating the underlying etiologies with directly acquired IAP values and survival rate. This is a 2-year cohort study (2014–2016). Horses with clinical signs of colic were admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital during the period 2014–2016. Twenty-eight horses, of different breeds, males (stallions and geldings) and females, aged between 2 and 20 years, and weighing from 300 to 450 kg presenting with clinical signs of colic, were included in the study. IAP was directly acquired at the right flank (standing under sedation) and at the linea alba (supine position under general anesthesia). Twenty IAP measurements were recorded at end expiration for each recording site. IAP values >0.0 mmHg, obtained at the upper right flank in the standing position, were associated with surgical treatment (P < .05). In these cases, signs of colic were associated with strangulated obstructions of the large colon, and a greater likelihood of death as a result of colic (P < .001). Intra-abdominal pressure varied considerably in horses with colic, even for the same underlying etiologies. Horses with colic related to strangulating obstructions of the large intestine had IAP >.0 mmHg, at the upper right flank. These horses were also considerably more likely to require surgical intervention (P < .05) and death/euthanasia was more likely in this group of horses (P < .001).