防御酶活性、木质素和总酚含量与 辣椒抗黄瓜花叶病毒的关系

（1中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院蔬菜系，北京 100094； 2山东省烟台农业学校，烟台 264002）     

膜下滴灌与沟灌海岛棉田土壤微生物特性的比较

对不同灌溉方式下土壤微生物特性的对比研究结果表明：膜下滴灌方式下棉田的微生物数量及根际、根外微生物数量均多于细流沟灌；两种灌溉方式都具有明显的根际效应；膜下滴灌使土壤处于厌气条件，土壤酶活性没有明显增加，但由于膜下滴灌可随水滴肥，适时适量供给棉花生长所需肥水，仍能满足海岛棉生长需求。     

园林植物土壤酶活性和微生物活性对盐碱胁迫的响应

以园林植物石楠为试材,通过混合2种中性盐(NaCl和Na2SO4)和2种碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)分别模拟不同强度的盐、碱胁迫条件,对园林植物(石楠)进行3年(2015—2017年)的胁迫处理,以期探讨盐碱胁迫对园林植物土壤酶活性和微生物的影响。结果表明:1)土壤中有机酸含量随着盐碱浓度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势。随胁迫强度增加,盐、碱胁迫均使土壤中Na⁺浓度大幅度上升,K⁺浓度大幅度下降,但碱胁迫下Na⁺浓度上升幅度和K⁺浓度下降幅度均大于盐胁迫。2)随着盐碱浓度的增加,土壤中氨基酸类、碳水化合物类、羧酸类、聚合物类、胺类、酚酸类碳源呈逐渐降低趋势,总体而言,碳水化合物和羧酸类碳源是盐碱胁迫下园林植物土壤微生物的主要碳源,其次为氨基酸类、酚酸类和聚合物类,胺类碳源的利用率最小。3)土壤微生物物种丰富度指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S)、土壤微生物量碳、微生物呼吸和微生物代谢熵随盐碱浓度的增加而增加。4)土壤糖苷酶、几丁质酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、酚氧化酶δ和过氧化物酶δ随盐碱浓度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势。5)交互作用分析显示,盐胁迫、碱胁迫、盐胁迫×碱胁迫对有机酸、Na⁺、K⁺、Na⁺/K⁺、物种丰富度指数(H)、碳源利用丰富度指数(S)、土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物呼吸、土壤微生物代谢熵、糖苷酶和碱性磷酸酶具有显著的影响(P<0.05),其中碱胁迫对土壤酶活性和微生物群落多样性的影响高于盐胁迫,并且盐胁迫×碱胁迫的影响高于单独盐胁迫或碱胁迫.     

异型葡枝霉感染不同金针菇后防御酶系的活性变化

绵腐病是金针菇栽培中常见的真菌性病害之一,致病菌为异型葡枝霉(Cladobotryum varium)。为了探究其抗性机制,以L3002、L3003、L3005为材料,通过测定同一时期不同品种金针菇子实体接种与未接种病原菌子实体内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等4种防御酶活性变化,为研究金针菇品种对绵腐病的抗病性差异及筛选优良菌株提供科学依据。结果表明,接种病原菌处理后,各品种金针菇子实体内PAL、PPO、POD和SOD活性变化不同。金针菇L3005品种4种酶活峰值最高,其次是L3002和L3003,说明4种防御酶对金针菇抗绵腐病有一定的关联性。     

Soil nitrogen and denitrification potential as affected by land use and stand age following agricultural abandonment in a headwater catchment

Changes in vegetation and soil properties because of agricultural abandonment may affect soil nitrogen (N) and associated processes. We investigated soil N (total N: TN, inorganic N: NH₄–N and NO₃–N) and denitrification potential in cropland, pine plantations and abandoned agricultural land along a secondary succession sequence (grassland→shrubland→secondary forest) in a headwater catchment in the Qinling Mountains, northwest China. The results show that the soil denitrification potential differed significantly among the five land‐use types with the highest potential in the secondary forest, followed by grassland, shrubland, cropland and plantations. The denitrification potential of the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer was significantly lower compared with the topsoil (0–20 cm) across all land‐use types. TN, soil organic matter (SOM) and NH₄–N increased significantly with stand age, whereas there was an opposite trend in soil pH. However, the denitrification potential did not relate to stand age in a linear manner. We conclude that changes in soil TN, SOM and pH during vegetation succession following agricultural abandonment are critical controls on the denitrification potential.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum Linnaeus.)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 20% glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and wheat starch respectively. The results indicated that fish fed the wheat starch and dextrin diets showed significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio compared with those fed the other diets. However, fish fed the glucose diet had a significantly lower survival and condition factor than those fed the other diets. There were significant differences in the total plasma glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed diets with different dietary carbohydrate sources. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell and leucocytes were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources, while fish fed the glucose diet showed higher G6PD, PFK and FBPase activities than those fed the other diets. These data indicated that dextrin and wheat starch were the most optimal carbohydrate sources for juvenile cobia.     

几种常见食用菌胞外酶活性测定方法的研究

食用菌胞外酶活性的变化规律与食用菌生长发育有着密切的关系,能在一定程度上检测菌种老化、退化和不利变异带来的危害。对近年来常见的几种食用菌胞外酶活性测定方法进行了总结与分析,简略的讨论了各种胞外酶活性测定方法的利弊,为快速检测食用菌胞外酶提供理论依据。