采后热处理和钙处理对苹果梨主要保护酶的影响

以延边地区主栽品种苹果梨为试材,探索了不同贮藏方式下,热处理和钙处理对采后苹果梨果实主要保护酶的影响.结果表明:无论在冷藏还是在窖藏条件下,各种处理均能明显降低苹果梨果实贮藏期间超氧阴离子自由基(O(-)/(·)2)的生成速率,有效增加SOD活性、提高苹果梨果实贮藏期和货架期的POD活性,其中以热和钙结合处理效应最显著.     

绿色木霉菌T12对茄子幼苗根系防御反应酶系的影响

试验研究了绿色木霉菌T12的分生孢子和厚垣孢子对不同抗、感黄萎病茄子品种幼苗植株防御酶系的影响.结果表明:经木霉菌T12处理的不同抗、感茄子品种幼苗根系与抗性物质合成相关的PAL、POD、CAT和SOD存在明显变化,证明茄子根系经诱导后可产生植保素等相关物质参与抵抗黄萎病,其中抗病品种比感病品种作用明显,厚垣孢子的诱抗作用比分生孢子显著.     

AgNO_3对梨叶片不定梢再生过程中抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探讨AgNO3在离体培养物形态发生中的作用,以金水和金花梨组培苗为外植体,研究了不同质量浓度AgNO3对梨叶片再生不定梢过程中抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,0.1mg/LAgNO3能明显提高金水叶片不定梢再生率和再生数;金花叶片不定梢再生有效促进的AgNO3为0.1～0.5mg/L。经AgNO3处理后,2品种抗氧化物酶活性与对照差异显著。在暗培养期间,叶片中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均有较大幅度变化,特别是经0.1mg/LAgNO3处理后,金花叶片中POD活性及金水叶片中CAT活性增幅均高于其余3个处理。叶片中O·2产生速率和H2O2含量也增加但上升幅度不及对照。在进入光培养阶段后,添加适当的AgNO3可提高叶片原有的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)峰值,且H2O2含量和O·2产生速率随之下降,但较高含量AgNO3处理易引起H2O2含量和O·2产生速率回升。虽然品种间抗氧化物酶活性变化不完全一致,但通过比较发现0.1mg/LAgNO3对提高金花和金水叶片抗氧化物酶活性效果最佳。     

Relationships between ultimate pH and antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression in pork loins

Ultimate pH (pH_u) is a major determinant factor of meat quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of pH_u on the muscle antioxidant capacity, and the relationship between pH_u and muscle antioxidant capacity of pigs. A total of 137 pigs from three pig breeds with the same feeding condition were slaughtered and used to measure the pH_u, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX), total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and gene expression of SOD1 and GPX4. Loins from 137 pigs of three breeds were classified based on pH_u into three groups: low (L‐pH: ≤5.50), intermediate (I‐pH: 5.51‐5.90), and high (H‐pH: ≥5.91). A majority of loins (47.5%–52%) were classified into the intermediate group. The results suggested that the pH_u value was correlated with the activity of SOD, GSH‐PX, T‐AOC, and MDA, and gene expression of SOD1 and GPX4 in all pigs. In addition, our results also indicated a linear relationship between the pH_u value and antioxidant traits. The pH_u value accounted for 23%–40% of the variation in the antioxidant traits. These results suggested that increased pH_u reduce the lipid peroxidation, and also indicated that pHu may be a key factor explaining the variation in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression in pork loins.     

饲喂不同钙、磷水平饲粮对妊娠后期伊犁马营养物质消化代谢和血浆生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲喂不同钙、磷水平饲粮对伊犁马妊娠后期营养物质消化代谢和血浆生理生化指标的影响,为明确伊犁马在妊娠后期对钙、磷的适宜需要量提供参考。试验选取年龄、胎次、体重相近且无亲缘关系、处于妊娠后期的伊犁母马25匹,按照体重随机分为5组,每组5匹。饲粮钙和磷饲喂量分别为36.00和26.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅰ组)、39.00和28.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅱ组)、42.00和30.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅲ组)、45.00和32.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅳ组)以及48.00和34.30 g/d(饲粮Ⅴ组)。饲养试验为期30 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期20 d。试验期间采集各组饲粮、剩料、粪便和尿液样本用于测定常规营养成分含量,试验结束后采集空腹血样以测定血浆生理生化指标。结果表明:饲粮钙、磷水平对各营养物质的表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05),对总能、氮、钙、磷的保留率及可消化能、可消化氮、可消化磷的利用率均无显著影响(P0.05),对血浆中离子钙、甲状旁腺素、骨钙素、胎盘催乳素、垂体泌乳素、孕酮、甲状腺素、三碘甲状腺氨酸和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ水平亦无显著影响(P0.05)。此外,饲粮钙、磷水平对血浆中肌酐、尿素氮、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸的水平也无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮Ⅰ、饲粮Ⅱ和饲粮Ⅲ组可消化钙利用率显著高于饲粮Ⅴ组(P0.05),当饲粮钙、磷水平分别超过42.00和30.30 g/d时,可消化钙的利用率逐渐下降。饲粮Ⅱ和饲粮Ⅴ组母马血浆中磷水平显著高于饲粮Ⅳ组(P0.05)。除饲粮Ⅴ组外,随着饲粮钙、磷水平的增加,血浆中降钙素水平有升高的趋势(P0.10)。饲粮Ⅱ和饲粮Ⅳ组血浆中雌二醇水平显著低于饲粮Ⅰ组(P0.05),饲粮Ⅲ组则显著低于饲粮Ⅰ和饲粮Ⅴ组(P0.05)。血浆中雌酮水平的变化规律与雌二醇一致。此外,提高饲粮钙、磷水平可增加血浆中生长激素的水平,除饲粮Ⅲ组外,其他各组血浆中生长激素水平均显著高于饲粮Ⅰ组(P0.05)。由此可见,当饲粮钙水平在36.00~48.00 g/d、磷水平在26.30~34.30 g/d之间时,增加饲粮钙、磷水平不影响妊娠后期伊犁马营养物质的消化代谢,但血浆中雌二醇和雌酮水平降低,而生长激素水平增加。     

提取液及固-液分离方法对固态非淀粉多糖酶类活性的影响

本试验旨在探讨固态酶制剂评估中酶的适宜提取液及固-液分离方法。采用4×3双因素完全随机设计,其中提取液分别为去离子水、乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液(0.1 mol/L,p H 5.50)、磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L,p H 6.00)和0.9%Na Cl溶液;溶液提取后的固-液分离方法分别为不分离、3 000 r/min离心3 min和中速滤纸过滤。每个处理5个重复,每个重复设2个平行,测定各个处理下酶的活性,并考察提取液的类型对酶制剂产品(α-半乳糖苷酶除外)溶解离心后溶液中溶质及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,磷酸盐缓冲液溶解木聚糖酶后活性最高(P0.05);乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液、磷酸盐缓冲液及0.9%Na Cl溶液溶解β-葡聚糖酶后活性相当(P0.05),且均显著地高于去离子水(P0.05);去离子水溶解β-甘露聚糖酶后活性最高,其次为乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液,两者都显著地高于磷酸盐缓冲液和0.9%Na Cl溶液(P0.05)。提取液类型对α-半乳糖苷酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。酶制剂溶解后的固-液分离方法对木聚糖酶的测定活性无显著性影响(P0.05);提取液离心或过滤后β-葡聚糖酶活性最高(P0.05);提取液离心后β-甘露聚糖酶活性最高(P0.05);而提取液不分离时α-半乳糖苷酶的活性最高(P0.05)。提取液的种类和酶制剂溶解后的固-液分离方法对4种非淀粉多糖酶的测定活性有极显著的交互作用(P0.01)。乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液对木聚糖酶制剂的溶解度最大(P0.05),去离子水和0.9%Na Cl溶液均对β-葡聚糖酶及β-甘露聚糖酶制剂的溶解度最大(P0.05)。然而,乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液溶解木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、β-甘露聚糖酶后提取液中蛋白质的含量均最低(P0.05)。上述结果表明,乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液溶解4种固态酶制剂可以最有效地将酶蛋白提取出来,α-半乳糖苷酶提取后不宜固液分离,而其他3种酶的提取液适宜进行离心分离。     

豌豆蚜为害对苜蓿品种酶活性和营养物质的影响

为了探讨苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对蚜虫取食防御反应的生化机制,本研究通过室内人工接虫,研究了豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)取食后苜蓿体内防御性酶活性、营养物质含量的动态变化。结果表明,豌豆蚜为害7 d后,与低抗品种(惊喜、WL343HQ和德宝)相比,抗虫品种(三得利、MF4020、皇后、皇冠和SR4030)的苜蓿幼苗苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及可溶性糖活性变化总体上显著增高(P0.01),多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化显著降低(P0.01),中抗品种(柏拉图、甘农4号、先行者和中苜3号)介于其间,可溶性蛋白质含量变化量无明显规律。     

低蛋白饲粮添加植酸酶和非淀粉多糖酶对生长猪生长性能和养分排泄量的影响

试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮添加植酸酶和非淀粉多糖(NSP)酶对生长猪生长性能、养分排泄量的影响。54头平均初始体重为(41.92±2.6)kg的杜长大三元杂交猪分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪。1组为对照组(饲粮粗蛋白质水平为17.4%),2、3组为试验组,2组在1组基础上,饲粮粗蛋白质水平降至14.3%、总磷水平降低0.1个百分点,添加植酸酶;3组在2组基础上添加NSP酶,试验期38 d。试验结果表明,2组的平均日增重、料重比比1组分别提高7.64%和1.94%(P0.05),其余各组间差异不显著(P0.05);粪N浓度2、3组比1组分别降低18.58%、23.01%(P0.05);粪P浓度2、3组比1组分别降低40.23%、39.08%(P0.01)。由此可见,将常规饲粮粗蛋白质水平降低3个百分点、总磷水平降低0.1个百分点,并添加植酸酶,能显著提高生长猪平均日增重,显著减少粪氮含量,极显著减少粪磷含量;在此基础上,继续添加NSP酶不影响生长猪生长性能和粪中养分含量。     

Analysis of the Phenylpropanoid Enzyme Activities and Products in the Soft- and Hard-Seeded Pomegranate Genotypes During Fruit Development

To find out more about the biochemical aspects of seed-softness trait in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), some of the phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes as well as their products were evaluated in the various soft- and hard-seeded genotypes during fruit development. Results showed that peroxidase (POD) activity decreased in all studied genotypes during fruit growth, while increasing at the last stages only in the hard-seeded genotypes. Although laccase (LAC) activity did not show high differences during fruit ripening and in different genotypes, but its general trend was increasing. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity decreased during the fruit development and approximately diminished for the hard-seeded genotypes. All genotypes had lignin components in their seeds and amount of lignin increased during the growth season. Total phenolic decreased drastically and antioxidant capacity increased gradually showing an opposite trend and probable competitive effect for the same substrate during fruit development. Considerable differences that were observed in the POD activity at the last sampling stage, and higher activity that was observed in POD than LAC, may indicate that POD is more important for polymerization of lignin in the pomegranate seed and this enzyme might have some role in the development of seed softness trait in pomegranate. Also, this is the first report about lignin detection in the seeds of soft-seeded pomegranate genotypes, and represents a different mechanism (such as monolignol conformation in the final polymer) from lignin content for development of the soft-seeded pomegranate genotype.     

Evaluation of indirect and avidin-biotin enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for detection of anti-listeriolysin O antibodies in bovine milk samples

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) [indirect and avidin-biotin (A-B)] for detecting L. monocytogenes antibodies in bovine milk samples (n = 2060) were standardized and evaluated by comparison with bacteriological examination. The tests were standardized by checker board titration. Highly purified listeriolysin O (LLO) was used as an antigen. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to decide the cut-off values. The ROC analysis revealed the sensitivities of indirect and A-B ELISA as 100% and specificities as 97.1 and 99.9% respectively. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 105 (5.1%) milk samples collected from 52 farms. Anti-LLO IgG antibodies were detected from 137 and 112 milk samples when tested by indirect and A-B ELISA respectively. Of the 52 farms screened, 28 (53.8%) yielded one or more isolates of L. monocytogenes and 33 (63.5%) of the farms had one or more animals simultaneously positive by one or both the assays for anti-LLO antibodies.