Impact on soil physical properties of using large-grain legumes for catch crop cultivation under different tillage conditions

In Central Europe, various plant species including large-grain legumes and their mixtures are grown as catch crops, particularly between grains harvested early and subsequent summer crops. This article investigates the question of how soil structure in the topsoil is influenced when catch cropping with large-grain legumes (experimental factor A: without catch crop, with catch crop) under different ploughless tillage conditions during catch crop seeding (experimental factor B: deep tillage/25–30 cm, shallow tillage/8–10 cm). Five one-year trials were performed using standard machinery at various sites in Germany. Soil core samples extracted from the topsoil in the spring after catch crop cultivation served to identify air capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and precompression stress. The above-ground and below-ground biomass yields of the catch crops were also determined at most of the sites. In addition, the soil compaction risk for the working steps in the experiments was calculated using the REPRO model.The dry matter yield of the catch crops varied considerably between the individual trial sites and years. In particular, high levels of dry matter were able to form in the case of early seeding and a sufficient supply of precipitation. The soil structure was only rarely affected positively by catch crop cultivation, and catch crops did not contribute in the short term to loosening already compacted topsoils. In contrast, mechanical soil stresses caused by driving over the ground and additional working steps used in cultivating catch crops often led to lower air capacity in these treatments. This is consistent with the soil compaction risks calculated using the REPRO model, which were higher in the treatments with catch cropping. Catch crop cultivation also only resulted in improved mechanical stability at one location. The positive effect of deep ploughless tillage on air capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, however, became more clearly evident regardless of catch crop cultivation. In order for catch crop cultivation with large-grain legumes to be able to have a favourable impact on soil structure, it is therefore important that cultivating them does not result in any new soil compaction. In the conditions evaluated, deep tillage was more effective at loosening compacted topsoil than growing catch crops.     

葛洪环境美学思想研究

道教历来的修炼思想中对环境有着特殊的要求，明确地将山水之好与宗教的修炼活动相联系的，当推东晋著名的道教学者葛洪。他对修炼环境的选择体现了以“道法自然”为原则，以“长生久视”为最终目的，以“神秘主义”为特质的环境美学思想。     

环境因子对太白山锐齿槲栎林林下草本植物组成和多样性的影响

【目的】探索太白山锐齿槲栎林林下草本植物组成和多样性与环境因子的关系,为该区域森林保护、经营管理提供理论指导。【方法】基于太白山锐齿槲栎林林下草本植物野外调查及室内试验数据,采用CCA和偏CCA排序法分析环境因子对太白山锐齿槲栎林林下草本植物组成的影响,采用相关分析和多元逐步回归分析探索环境因子对其草本植物多样性的影响。【结果】环境因子能显著解释太白山锐齿槲栎林林下草本植物组成变异,海拔、坡向、坡度、pH、枯落物厚度和有机质、碱解N、有效P、有效K含量及郁闭度、灌木盖度11个环境因子共解释了物种组成变异的39.05%。其中,郁闭度、土壤有效P含量、pH值和海拔是影响林下草本植物组成的主要环境因子。海拔、郁闭度、有效P和有效K含量能够显著影响太白山锐齿槲栎林林下草本植物的多样性,海拔较高、郁闭度较大、土壤有效P和有效K含量较高的生境具有较好的草本植物多样性。【结论】在太白山锐齿槲栎林经营管理中,可通过适量施用P肥和K肥来促进林下草本植物发育,提高物种多样性。     

不同叶位黄精叶片的光合日变化及其影响因子

【目的】研究不同叶位黄精叶片的光合生理指标日变化规律及环境因子的影响,揭示叶片光合能力的影响因素及其与叶位之间的关系,为黄精光合生产潜力的挖掘提供理论参考。【方法】以黄精为研究对象,采用LI-6400光合仪测定不同叶位叶片的光合日变化,采用相关分析、偏相关分析、逐步回归分析及通径分析,研究影响不同叶位叶片光合作用的主要环境因子。【结果】①黄精不同叶位间的净光合速率差异显著,表现为中位叶上位叶下位叶,即随叶位升高表现出"低-高-低"的规律。②黄精不同叶位叶片净光合速率日变化均呈"双峰型"曲线,且有较明显的光合"午休"现象。③气孔因素为影响不同时段光合作用的主要限制因素,非气孔因素为影响不同叶位叶片光合作用的主要限制因子。④由相关分析与偏相关分析可知,黄精Pn、Tr、Gs与不同环境因子(RH、VPD、Tl、PAR、Ca)之间均存在相关性。⑤由逐步多元回归分析和通径分析可知,影响黄精Pn、Gs、Tr的主要环境因子为RH和PAR,其中RH为Pn、Gs、Tr变化的主要决策因子,且环境因子对不同叶位叶片的影响有异。【结论】测定黄精植株光合指标时应选第10节位左右的中位叶。黄精栽培过程中应及时去顶,在炎热的正午,可适当提高大气相对湿度以提高净光合效率。     

渤海湾外来浮游植物物种及其入侵途径分析

为了预防外来浮游植物入侵引发的渤海湾赤潮灾害，基于近20年建设项目环境影响评价报告书和相关文献资料的研究成果，收集整理了渤海湾海域已发现的外来浮游植物物种及具体物种信息，分析了物种入侵的主要途径及可能产生的赤潮灾害影响。结果表明：渤海湾海域共发现17种外来浮游植物，其中，甲藻门最多，有10种；硅藻门次之，有5种；金藻门和黄藻门最少，各有1种。研究表明：渤海湾外来浮游植物中，除中华盒形藻外，其余16种均属于赤潮生物，这些物种主要通过压载水引入、传播的方式进入渤海湾海域，应加强港口监控和管理，以防赤潮灾害。     

系统动力学模型在吉林省水资源承载力的仿真应用

水资源短缺和水环境污染作为水资源危机的主要内容,在吉林省社会经济发展过程中广泛存在。对此,从人口、经济、生态、水资源和水环境等5个子系统,建立吉林省水资源承载力系统动力学模型,通过设计现状延续型、节约水量型、环境保护型、综合协调型4种情景,模拟2016-2025年吉林省水资源承载力。结果显示:现状延续型在水量和水质两要素均最差,为最劣方案;节水水量型和环境保护型分别在缓解水资源供需压力和改善水环境质量上有所建树,为非劣方案;综合协调型在水量和水质两要素均表现优异,为最优方案;2025年4种方案的水资源承载力排序为综合协调型>环境保护型>节约水量型>现状延续型。     

草地土壤分离能力季节变化特征及其影响因素

土壤分离能力是土壤侵蚀机理模型的重要参数.受土壤性质、植被根系等因素影响,土壤分离能力呈现显著的季节变化.为研究草地土壤分离能力季节变化特征及其影响机制,以建植一年的柳枝稷、无芒雀麦草地及对照裸地为研究对象,以20 d为周期,测定土壤密度、黏结力和根系密度,并采集原状土样进行水槽实验(τ=6.5-23.4Pa),测量土壤分离能力,并运用相关分析、回归分析等方法,研究土壤性质及植被根系对土壤分离能力季节变化的影响.结果显示:柳枝稷和无芒雀麦草地具有类似的季节变化特征,而裸地与二者差异明显.4月中旬至6月下旬,草地土壤分离能力较大,此后土壤分离能力迅速下降;7月中旬直至10月上旬,草地土壤分离能力较低;10月下旬,土壤分离能力小幅回升;裸地土壤分离能力7、8月份较低,其余时间较高.裸地土壤分离能力试验期均值为柳枝稷草地的10.6倍,无芒雀麦草地的23.7倍.草地土壤分离能力的季节变化受根系密度和土壤黏结力的影响,随着根系密度与土壤黏结力增大,土壤分离能力呈指数形式降低,而土壤密度对土壤分离能力季节变化的影响并不显著.试验区内草地土壤分离能力可用水流剪切力、根系密度、根径和土壤黏结力等参数进行模拟(R2=0.636).研究结果可为土壤侵蚀机理模型的推广应用,以及小流域水土保持措施配置等工作提供科学依据.     

Alteration in important quality traits and antioxidant activities in Brassica oleracea with Ogura cybrid cytoplasm

In vegetable brassicas, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system is the most preferred mechanism for hybrid seed production and Ogura cybrid cytoplasm is the only source used widely. Effects of the alien cybrid cytoplasm on important quality traits need to be understood for their effective use in breeding programme. In analysing 38 Ogura cybrid cytoplasm‐based cauliflower CMS lines, it was revealed that introgression of Ogura cytoplasm resulted in significant alteration in important quality traits. Cupric reducing antioxidant activity and ferric reducing ability of plasma values were increased up to 5–10 times in different genotypes. Among 38 analysed CMS lines, concentration of plant pigments such as anthocyanin, total chlorophylls and ascorbic acid was reduced in 21, 17 and 32 genotypes, respectively. However, the concentration of total carotenoids and β‐carotene was elevated in most of the CMS lines and total carotenoid was increased up to 20 times in the CMS line, Ogu13‐85‐2A. The results indicate the role of nuclear–cytoplasmic interaction and mitochondrial genome in determining concentration of different quality traits.     

密度与环境因子对蒙古黄芪育苗影响研究

为了明确育苗时密度与环境因子对蒙古黄芪生长特征影响,本试验以蒙古黄芪为研究对象,通过单因素田间随机区组试验,测定蒙古黄芪株高、茎粗、根粗和根长4个指标。结果表明,密度对蒙古黄芪影响最大,其次是湿度,最后是光照和电导率。密度与蒙古黄芪株高、茎粗、根粗呈现负相关性,与根长呈正相关性(P<0.05),密度为400株/m ²时,株高、茎粗及根粗最大,密度为1000株/m ²时根长最大。     

天柱县耕地生产潜力与人口承载力研究

以天柱县为例,估算2020年耕地生产潜力,并进行了耕地人口承载力的分析。结果表明,天柱县的粮食增产潜力在理论上较大,在未来10年内,耕地资源数量将延续持续减少伴随着未来人口增加是不可逆转的,这两者的矛盾尖锐,未来耕地承载力面临的形势还很严峻。