A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with anthelmintic resistance in sheep

Background

Anthelmintic drugs have been widely used in sheep as a cost-effective means for gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) control. However, growing anthelmintic resistance (AHR) has created a compelling need to identify evidence-based management recommendations that reduce the risk of further development and impact of AHR.

Objective

To identify, critically assess, and synthesize available data from primary research on factors associated with AHR in sheep.

Methods

Publications reporting original observational or experimental research on selected factors associated with AHR in sheep GINs and published after 1974, were identified through two processes. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Agricola, CAB) and Web of Science (a collection of databases) were searched for potentially relevant publications. Additional publications were identified through consultation with experts, manual search of references of included publications and conference proceedings, and information solicited from small ruminant practitioner list-serves. Two independent investigators screened abstracts for relevance. Relevant publications were assessed for risk of systematic bias. Where sufficient data were available, random-effects Meta-Analyses (MAs) were performed to estimate the pooled Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of AHR for factors reported in ≥2 publications.

Results

Of the 1712 abstracts screened for eligibility, 131 were deemed relevant for full publication review. Thirty publications describing 25 individual studies (15 observational studies, 7 challenge trials, and 3 controlled trials) were included in the qualitative synthesis and assessed for systematic bias. Unclear (i.e. not reported, or unable to assess) or high risk of selection bias and confounding bias was found in 93% (14/15) and 60% (9/15) of the observational studies, respectively, while unclear risk of selection bias was identified in all of the trials. Ten independent studies were included in the quantitative synthesis, and MAs were performed for five factors. Only high frequency of treatment was a significant risk factor (OR = 4.39; 95% CI = 1.59, 12.14), while the remaining 4 variables were marginally significant: mixed-species grazing (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 0.66, 4.07); flock size (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.97, 1.07); use of long-acting drug formulations (OR = 2.85; 95% CI = 0.79, 10.24); and drench-and-shift pasture management (OR = 4.08; 95% CI = 0.75, 22.16).

Conclusions

While there is abundant literature on the topic of AHR in sheep GINs, few studies have explicitly investigated the association between putative risk or protective factors and AHR. Consequently, several of the current recommendations on parasite management are not evidence-based. Moreover, many of the studies included in this review had a high or unclear risk of systematic bias, highlighting the need to improve study design and/or reporting of future research carried out in this field.     

Panagrellus redivivus mass produced on solid media as live food for Litopenaeus vannamei larvae

The free‐living soil nematode Panagrellus redivivus is well known to be an excellent food source for first feeding fish larvae. It represents an alternative to the highly expensive Artemia, which is commonly used. The lack of a proper method for mass production of P. redivivus has prevented its wider use in commercial hatcheries. A new cultivation method allows the production of a sufficient quantity of nematodes to deliver a standardized and permanently available live food of high quality, throughout the larval rearing period. In two experiments – carried out at the Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mexico – several feeding regimes were established to prove the quality of the mass produced P. redivivus for larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei, the Pacific white shrimp. Two different nematode treatments were compared with a no‐feed group and a control group that was fed with Artemia. All treatments had an additional algal co‐feed and were run in five replicates. Panagrellus redivivus was cultured on two different media (wheat/corn flour and oat flour) to compare these for their suitability as high‐quality live food for the larvae. Shrimp fed nematodes grown on wheat/corn medium reached the postlarval stage earlier than those from other treatments. The nematode treatments showed promising results; however, further research is needed on the development of improved culture media or enrichment methods to further increase the nutritional value of P. redivivus.     

添加烟草废弃物对堆肥腐熟度及抑制线虫作用的影响

以鸡粪和小麦秸秆为堆肥原料,在C/N为25与含水率为60%的条件下采用静态好氧堆肥工艺,研究了不添加烟草废弃物(CK)和在初始期(A)、高温期(B)、一次发酵完成(C)和陈化腐熟后(D)添加1.5%(干重质量比)烟草废弃物对堆体发酵温度、总碳(TC)、发芽率指数(GI)和根结线虫校正死亡率的影响。结果表明:添加烟草废弃物会降低堆肥发酵过程的温度,影响微生物对有机物料的分解,不利于堆肥物料的快速腐熟。CK处理的GI值在19d时已超过腐熟度标准80%的要求,而添加烟草的处理A、B和C的GI值在19d时仍低于80%;在处理45d时处理CK、A、B、C和D的GI值分别为102.6%、95.6%、85.8%、83.4%和70.4%;这表明烟草废弃物对植物生长具有一定的抑制作用。烟草废弃物和处理C与D堆肥产品浸出液的线虫校正致死率都达到了100%;而处理CK、A和B堆肥产品浸出液的线虫校正致死率依次为44.4%、28.2%和70.0%;这表明烟草废弃物经过发酵的时间越长,对线虫的抑制效果就越差;在堆肥一次发酵完成后添加烟草废弃物,不但可避免其对堆肥进程和植物生长的不利影响,而且经过陈化腐熟后仍能保持对根结线虫的抑制作用。     

红棕象甲生物防治研究进展

红棕象甲是我国棕榈科植物的重要外来入侵害虫,具有隐蔽钻蛀的危害特点,对其进行防治具有一定 难度。在我国,对红棕象甲生物防治的研究还很少报道,为对我国红棕象甲的生物防治研究提供科学参考及建议,综 述了昆虫病原线虫、昆虫病原真菌、昆虫病原细菌以及其他天敌对红棕象甲生物防治的研究进展。     

柑桔种质资源对柑桔根线虫病抗性鉴定

采用带有柑桔根线虫ＴｙｌｅｎｃｈｎｌｕｓｓｅｎｉｐｅｎｅｔｒａｎｓＣｏｂｂ。的病根，病土，接种２年生柑桔实生苗，对参试的４３个材料，以雌成虫寄生密度为依据进行抗病性鉴定，其结果：酒饼筋，皱皮枳，枳橙等８个材料为高度抗病，盘谷文旦，朱桔，宜昌橙，真橙等１３个材料重度感病；其余２２个材料为中间类型。     

陕西主要农作物寄生线虫种类鉴定

经鉴定陕西农作物寄生线虫有:稻潜根线虫(Hirschmanniella oryzae)、大豆孢囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)、玉米根腐线虫(Pratylenchus zeae)、六裂根腐线虫(Pratylenchus hexincisus)、一种牡丹根结线虫(Meloidogyne sp.)、花生根结线虫2号小种(Meloidotgyne arenaria)、小麦粒线虫(Agguina tritici)、双角螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus digonicus)、加州螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus californicus)、瘦小针线虫(Paratylenchus leptos)、一种待定针线虫(Paratylenchus sp.)、一种待定矮化线虫(Tylenchrohynchus sp.)、甘兰矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus brassicae)、及艾克特五沟线虫(Quinisulcicus acti)共9属14种.     

南方地区冷浸田土壤线虫的分布特征

为了解南方地区冷浸田土壤线虫分布状况,2011—2012年期间,对湖北、安徽、江西、湖南、福建、浙江、广东和贵州8个省份的冷浸田进行土壤线虫调查。结果表明:在所有省份中,共鉴定出2纲8目24科55属,其中潜根属(Hirschmanniella)和丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)为优势属,两者占线虫总数的46.36%,丝尾垫刃属、潜根属、头叶属(Cephalobus)、滑刃属(Aphelenchoides)在我国南方8省份的冷浸田均有分布。冷浸田线虫密度为非冷浸田的48.04%,冷浸田线虫密度范围为72~735条/100 g干土。冷浸田土壤线虫数量分布主要受土壤含水量和电导率因素影响,潜根属与含水量显著正相关,与电导率显著负相关。     

Relationships between soil penetration resistance and soif nematode burden in barley on Prince Edward Island

Fifty sloping fields of barley with different short-term cropping histories across Prince Edward Island were examined for variations in root-zone depth and the severity of soil parasitic nematodes as part of a wider study of relationships between cropping sequence, topographic position, soil physical conditions and crop performance. Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) density in the roots was significantly greater (13%) at foot slopes than at top slopes, and stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) was significantly greater (8%) at top slopes where the soil was drier. The density of stunt nematodes and root lesion nematodes in the soil was significantly greater (>15%) under miscellaneous cereals-barley sequences than under potato-barley or hay-barley, attributable to level of carryover. Root lesion nematode density in the roots was significantly greater (12%) under hay-barley than either of the other two sequences. This nematode also showed a strong tendency to increase in number with increasing root-zone depth, and may be explained on the basis that increased root-zone depth provides increased host root mass (substrate). Stunt nematodes, on the other hand, increased with decreasing root-zone depth and may be explained by the known propensity of these organisms for drier, shallower soil conditions.