高粱饲粮中添加复合酶制剂和益生菌对肉鸡饲粮表观代谢能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究高粱饲粮中添加复合酶制剂和益生菌对良凤花肉鸡屠宰性能、肉品质、表观代谢能和主要营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选取900只1日龄体重相近的健康良凤花公鸡,随机分为5个组,分别为对照组(基础饲粮)、高粱组、高粱+复合酶组、高粱+益生菌组和高粱+复合酶+益生菌组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只鸡。试验全期为68 d。分为前期(1~28日龄)、后期(29~56日龄)和代谢试验期(57~68日龄)3个阶段进行。试验组前期用高粱替代约30%的玉米,复合酶制剂添加量为200 g/t;后期用高粱替代约50%的玉米,复合酶制剂添加量为300 g/t;全期益生菌添加量为100 g/t。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,高粱+复合酶组和高粱+复合酶+益生菌组粗纤维(CF)表观消化率显著提高(P0.05),各试验组表观代谢能(AME)及其余营养物质表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,高粱+益生菌组和高粱+复合酶+益生菌组半净膛率显著提高(P0.05),各组其他屠宰性能指标均无显著差异(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,高粱+复合酶+益生菌组胸肌亮度(L*)值显著提高(P0.05),试验组腿肌红度(a*)值显著降低(P0.05)。综上,在高粱饲粮中添加复合酶制剂和益生菌可以提高CF的表观消化率,对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质均无不良影响。     

双内源指示剂法测定兔饲粮消化能值及其预测模型的研究

本试验旨在研究利用双内源指示剂法测定兔饲粮养分消化率及消化能(DE)值,并建立兔饲粮DE值的预测模型。选用体重相近的4月龄獭兔30只,随机分为3组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只兔。每组饲喂1种饲粮,用全收粪法进行消化试验,用聚酯纤维筛网袋法测定了饲粮中的2种内源指示剂,即酸不溶木质素(ADL)和盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)+ADL的回收率。同时选取了山东省不同饲料公司生产的17种兔颗粒配合饲料,在各自兔养殖场进行饲养试验,利用双内源指示剂法测定兔饲粮DE值,建立兔饲粮DE值的预测模型。结果表明:1)全收粪法测得3种饲粮ADL的平均回收率为99.87%,ADL+AIA的平均回收率为96.81%,二者可作为理想的双内源指示剂。2)利用双内源指示剂法可以准确测定兔饲粮的各种养分消化率和DE值。3)兔饲粮DE值可以用饲粮中可消化有机物质(DOM)含量进行准确的预测:DE(M J/kg)=0.0204DOM(g/kg)或DE(M J/kg)=0.939 5+0.018 2DOM(g/kg)。4)利用兔饲粮中养分[粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、可溶性碳水化合物(NDSC)、半纤维素(HCEL)和纤维素(CEL)]含量建立兔饲粮DE值的预测模型为DE(MJ/kg)=0.016 6CP(g/kg)+0.0334EE(g/kg)+0.015 3NDSC(g/kg)+0.005 4HCEL(g/kg)+0.003 1CEL(g/kg)。由此可见,利用双内源指示剂法可以较好地预测兔饲粮的DE值。     

3种不同类型轻音乐对奶牛泌乳性能及能量代谢指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨3种不同类型的轻音乐对奶牛泌乳性能及能量代谢指标的影响。选用泌乳量、年龄、胎次、泌乳期相近的荷斯坦泌乳牛64头,随机分成4组,即轻音乐A(速度60 bmp的钢琴轻音乐《梁祝》,音色圆润)组、轻音乐B(速度70 bmp、小提琴演奏的泌乳牛情绪调控曲,音色明亮)组、轻音乐C(速度60 bmp、钢琴演奏的奶牛泌乳性能调控曲,音色圆润)组和对照组,每组16头。3个轻音乐组分别于早、中、晚3次挤奶前各播放音乐2 h,对照组无音乐播放。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。正试期每隔20 d测定泌乳量,并采集血样和乳样。结果表明:1)试验20、40 d及1~60 d,轻音乐A组、轻音乐B组和轻音乐C组奶牛干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪摄入量均高于对照组。2)试验1~60 d,轻音乐C组奶牛泌乳量、4%标准乳产量显著或极显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。3)试验1~60 d,轻音乐B组和轻音乐C组血液谷草转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),轻音乐C组血液谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05)。4)试验40、60 d,轻音乐C组奶牛血液甘油三酯含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验1~60 d,轻音乐C组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);整个试验期,轻音乐A组、轻音乐B组和轻音乐C组奶牛血液游离脂肪酸含量均低于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,3种轻音乐均有提高奶牛营养物质摄入量、刺激泌乳及改善奶牛能量代谢指标的作用趋势;70 bmp的轻音乐较60 bmp的轻音乐对奶牛泌乳更为有利;与音色明亮的轻音乐相比,奶牛对音色圆润的轻音乐敏感性更高,音色圆润的轻音乐更能提高奶牛泌乳性能。     

Two energy balance closure approaches: applications and comparisons over an oasis-desert ecotone

Studies of energy balance that rely on eddy covariance(EC) are always challenged by energy balance closure, which is mainly caused by the underestimations of latent heat flux(LE) and sensible heat flux(Hs). The Bowen ratio(BR) and energy balance residual(ER) approaches are two widely-used methods to correct the LE. A comprehensive comparison of those two approaches in different land-use types is essential to accurately correcting the LE and thus improving the EC experiments. In this study, two energy balance approaches(i.e., BR and ER) were compared to correct the LE measured at six EC sites(i.e., three vegetated, one mixed and two non-vegetated sites) in an oasis-desert ecotone of the Heihe River Basin, China. The influences of meteorological factors on those two approaches were also quantitatively assessed. Our results demonstrated that the average energy closure ratio((LE+Hs)/(Rn–Gs); where Rn is the surface net radiation and Gs is the surface soil heat flux) was approximately close to 1.0 at wetland, maize and village sites, but far from 1.0 at orchard, Gobi and desert sites, indicating a significant energy imbalance at those three latter sites. After the corrections of BR and ER approaches that took into account of soil heat storage, the corrected LE was considerably larger than the EC-measured LE at five of six EC sites with an exception at Gobi site. The BR and ER approaches yielded approximately similar corrected LE at vegetated and mixed sites, but they generated dissimilar results at non-vegetated sites, especially at non-vegetated sites with low relative humidity, strong wind, and large surface-air temperature difference. Our findings provide insight into the applicability of BR and ER approaches to correcting EC-based LE measurements in different land-use types. We recommend that the BR-corrected and ER-corrected LE could be seriously reconsidered as validation references in dry and windy areas.     

Studies on supplementary desalted mother liquor on digestibility of nutrients,ruminal fermentation,and energy and nitrogen balance in Thai native cattle

Four Thai native steers were used to determine the adequate levels of supplementary desalted mother liquor (DML) for energy and nitrogen balances and ruminal fermentation. The crude protein and sodium chloride contents of DML were 25.5% and 60.3% on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. A 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment was conducted by adding different amounts of DML to three experimental diets (T1: 1.1%, T2: 2.2%, T3: 3.4% sodium chloride concentration with supplementary DML on a DM basis) and comparing their effects with those of a control diet (C) containing 1.0% commercial salt on a DM basis. The animals were given the experimental diets and rice straw daily at 1.2% and 0.8% of body weight, respectively, on a DM basis. No significant differences in the apparent digestibility of nutrients were observed among treatments. T3 achieved the lowest nitrogen retention (P < 0.05), followed by C, T2 and T1. The ratios of energy retention to gross energy were higher in T1 and T3 than T2, and that in C was lowest (P < 0.05). Supplementary NaCl concentration at 1% and 2% can be replaced with DML without an adverse effect on the digestibility of nutrients or on the nitrogen and energy retention.     

Effects of Diets with Different Energy and Protein Levels on mRNA Expression of Glucose Transporters in Tan Sheep

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of the diets with different energy and protein levels on mRNA expression of glucose transporters in the small intestine and muscle of Tan sheep. A total of 112 healthy Tan sheep (half male and half female) with similar initial live weight were randomly divided into four groups with four replicates per group and seven sheep per replicate. According to the Feeding Standard of Meat-producing Sheep and Goats (NY/T 816—2004),each group was fed diet with different levels of energy and protein respectively:0.84×standard level (group Ⅰ),0.96×standard level (group Ⅱ),1.08×standard level (group Ⅲ) and 1.20×standard level (group Ⅳ). The test period were divided into two stages by body weight of sheep (29-35 and 36-40 kg). At the end of each stage,one sheep was slaughtered at each replicate,and small intestine and muscle samples were collected to study mRNA relative expression of SGLT1,GLUT4 and GLUT5 genes by Real-time PCR. The results indicated that:SGLT1 gene mRNA expression levels of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than other groups in small intestine at the end of 29-35 kg stage (P< 0.05);At the end of 36-40 kg stage,the SGLT1 gene mRNA expression levels had no significant difference among the four groups (P> 0.05).In muscle,the SGLT1 gene mRNA expression level increased with the rise of energy and protein levels at both stages ,and that of group Ⅳ were the highest.In small intestine,at the end of 29-35 kg stage,the GLUT4 gene mRNA expression levels had no significant difference among the four groups (P> 0.05);At the end of 36-40 kg stage,the GLUT4 gene mRNA expression level increased with the rise of energy and protein levels,and that of group Ⅳ were significantly higher than the other groups (P< 0.05).In muscle,the GLUT4 gene mRNA expression level were the highest in group Ⅳ at both stages,and significantly higher than group Ⅰ (P< 0.05). The GLUT5 gene mRNA expression did not show any regularity at both stages. In conclusion,diets with different levels of energy and protein could significantly affect the mRNA expression of SGLT1 and GLUT4 genes,and affect absorption of glucose in sheep.     

Effects of Energy,Protein and Amino Acids Levels on the Development of Mammary Gland and the Growth of Fetus in Sows at Late Gestation

Late gestation is an important period for rapid development of the sow's mammary gland and fetus. It is becoming more and more important to provide a suitable nutrient level in late gestation period for improve the reproductive efficiency of sow. Demand of energy, protein and amino acids for mammary gland and fetus in sows at late gestation are different. To provide reasonable nutrition for fetus, at the same time for the needs of mammary gland are still seldom reported. In this paper, the effects of dietary energy, protein and amino acids levels on the development of mammary gland and the growth of fetus were reviewed,the authors propose the requirement of energy, protein amino acid and reasonable proportion in sows at late gestation, in order to give some guidance for pig farmers.     

应用CNCPS方法和体外产气法研究豆腐渣饲料的营养价值

为揭示豆腐渣对反刍动物的饲用价值,本试验采用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系（CNCPS）和体外产气法对豆腐渣营养价值进行评定。测定豆腐渣的CNCPS营养成分与体外发酵参数,应用CNCPS公式计算碳水化合物（CHO）和粗蛋白质（CP）中各组分含量。结果显示,豆腐渣的CP含量为14%~25%,粗脂肪（EE）含量为1.9%~2.9%,代谢能（ME）为10~12 MJ/kg DM;易在瘤胃中降解的蛋白质（PA＋PB₁）和在瘤胃中缓慢降解的粗蛋白质（PB₂＋PB₃）的含量相当,不可降解真蛋白质（PC）含量较少;潜在可利用碳水化合物（CA＋CB₁＋CB₂）较高;体外发酵产气量均达到70 mL,氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度在8~23 mg/dL,总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）在46~70 mmol/L。而不同来源的豆腐渣营养成分和发酵情况存在显著差异,且CNCPS碳水化合物、蛋白质组分的优劣不同。凌源豆腐渣的最大产气量（B）最高,极显著高于其他3种苹果渣（P＜0.01）,而各豆腐渣的产气速度（C）无显著差异（P＞0.05）。辽源豆腐渣氨态氮（NH₃-N）含量最高,极显著高于其他饲料（P＜0.01）。不同地方豆腐渣瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸比例差异极显著（P＜0.01）。不同来源的豆腐渣的总可消化养分（TDN）及其他能值差异较大,以新民豆腐渣的能值最低,极显著低于其他苹果渣（P＜0.01）。综上可知,作为反刍动物非粮饲料,豆腐渣为反刍动物提供的可利用能值高,利于瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成。     

能量对妊娠后期母羊健康及其羔羊的影响

妊娠后期是胎儿生长发育的关键时期,胎儿体重增长的80%在此阶段完成,因此该阶段母羊的能量需要量大于其他生理阶段。高产多胎是肉用种母羊的重要培育目标,当母羊处于营养水平较低的草场或舍饲条件下,怀双羔或多羔母羊的日粮能量水平不能满足其营养需要时,母羊会动用体内的糖原、体蛋白和体脂以弥补能量不足,致使母羊的代谢紊乱,肝机能受损,产生羊妊娠毒血症,影响母羊的健康和胚胎的健康生长,产出弱羔、病羔,并可能影响产后羔羊的健康生长。因此,研究妊娠后期能量水平对母羊健康、胚胎发育、羔羊生长及肉羊养殖业的发展都有重要的指导意义。作者对不同能量水平对妊娠母羊的健康、繁殖性能、泌乳性能、胚胎与羔羊生长的影响展开讨论,阐明妊娠后期能量的作用。当母羊妊娠后期能量受到限制时,母羊的体重降低,乳腺发育受阻,泌乳能力下降,受胎率下降;同时胚胎的生长速度降低,影响胚胎与产后羔羊组织器官发育和正常生长。     

Relationship between level of forage intake,blood flow and oxygen consumption by splanchnic tissues of sheep fed a tropical grass forage

Four Polwarth castrated male sheep (42 ± 4.4 kg live weight (LW) surgically implanted with chronic indwelling catheters into the mesenteric, portal and hepatic veins, housed in metabolism cages and offered Cynodon sp. hay at rates (g of dry matter (DM)/kg LW) of 7, 14, 21 or ad libitum, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate the effect of the level of forage intake on blood flow and oxygen consumption by the portal‐drained viscera (PDV), liver and total splanchnic tissues (ST). The portal blood flow and the oxygen consumption by PDV linearly increased at increased organic matter (OM) intake. No effect of level of OM intake was obtained for the hepatic artery blood flow and oxygen consumption by liver. As a consequence, the level of OM intake only tended to directly affect hepatic blood flow and oxygen consumption by total ST. Oxygen consumption was linearly and positively related to blood flow across PDV, liver and total ST. The heat production by PDV and total ST, as proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) intake, decreased curvilinearly at increased ME intake. In conclusion, the oxygen consumption by PDV, but not by liver, was directly related to the level of forage intake by sheep. Moreover, when ingested at levels below maintenance, most of ME was spent as heat produced by ST.