柏芩提取液的药效学及对奶牛子宫内膜炎的疗效评价

柏芩提取液是由黄柏、黄芩、红花、党参等组成,为了探讨其对奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗作用,采用实验性家兔子宫内膜炎模型进行柏芩提取液的主要药效学研究。确定药效作用后,按照农业农村部颁布的《防治奶牛临床子宫内膜炎的抗微生物兽药的靶动物安全性和有效性试验指导原则》对其进行奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床疗效评价。药效学试验结果表明,与模型组比较,柏芩提取液能明显改善实验性子宫内膜炎家兔的临床症状,血液白细胞计数分类、子宫分泌物涂片镜检、尿液及子宫分泌物化学检查结果趋于正常,并且能够减轻子宫充血、炎性细胞浸润、上皮细胞脱落等组织病理学改变。临床疗效试验结果表明,给药后第10天,柏芩提取液高、中剂量组的治愈率极显著高于低剂量组（P<0.01）,且与阳性药物对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）;各试验组的总有效率差异均不显著（P>0.05）。给药后第21天,柏芩提取液高、中剂量组的治愈率显著高于低剂量组（P<0.05）,且与阳性药物对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）;各试验组的总有效率未见明显差异（P>0.05）。以上结果证明柏芩提取液对实验性家兔子宫内膜炎和临床奶牛子宫内膜炎具有良好的治疗作用,其中1.5和1.0 g/mL浓度（30 mL/次）对临床病例的治疗效果明显,与土霉素效果相似,0.5 g/mL浓度效果不明显。本研究为其进一步研究和开发应用奠定了基础。     

奥硝唑等药物对慢性子宫内膜炎的疗效观察

摘要： 为提高水牛慢性子宫内膜炎的治愈和配种受胎率,笔者应用奥硝唑注射液、甲硝唑、头孢拉定粉针和奥硝唑+头孢拉定四组药物对水牛慢性子宫内膜炎进行治疗和疗效观察。结果①在药物有效率上,用药1dh后,四组的药物有效率分别46.67%、44.44%、31.25%和51.43%,IV组优于I、II、III组,差异显著（P＜0.05）依次为I、II组、III组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;用药2d后,四组的药物有效率分别73.33%、66.67%、43.75%和82.86%,IV组优于I、II、III组,差异显著（P＜0.05）,依次为I、II组、III组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;用药3d后,四组的药物有效率分别77.42%、70.37%、50%和88.57%, IV组优于I、II、III组,差异显著（P＜0.05）,依次为I、II组、III组,差异显著（P＜0.05）。②在发情率上,4组药物分别为73.33%、74.07%、68.75%和77.14%,奥硝唑+头孢拉定联合用药组显著高于其余3组（P＜0.05）,奥硝唑、甲硝唑次之,头孢拉定组再次之;③在治愈率上,4组分别为66.67%、59.26%、56.25%和74.29%,奥硝唑+头孢拉定联合用药组显著高于其余3组（P＜0.05）,疗效最好,依次为奥硝唑、甲硝唑、头孢拉定;④在配种受胎率上,4组分别为63.64%、55%、54.55%和70.37%,奥硝唑+头孢拉定联合用药组显著高于其余3组（P＜0.05）,奥硝唑次之,甲硝唑、头孢拉定再次之;⑤在产活犊率上,4组分别为92.86%、81.82%、83.33%和94.74%,奥硝唑+头孢拉定联合用药组显著高于其余3组（P＜0.05）,奥硝唑次之,甲硝唑、头孢拉定再次之。试验结果表明,临床治疗母牛慢性子宫内膜炎以奥硝唑+头孢拉定联合用药效果最好,奥硝唑单独用药次之,甲硝唑和头孢拉定再次之。由此表明,奥硝唑、甲硝唑、头孢拉定、奥硝唑+头孢拉定对慢性子宫内膜炎对水牛慢性子宫炎的治疗均有效,其中以奥硝唑+头孢拉定联合用药效见效最快,疗程短,是最理想的药物组合;奥硝唑次之,甲硝唑再次之,头孢拉定最后。     

大肠杆菌对藏羊子宫内膜上皮细胞相关炎性因子表达的影响

为了探究大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)对藏羊子宫内膜上皮细胞(EECs)相关炎性因子表达的影响,本研究采用组织块贴壁法和酶消化法培养藏羊EECs;用不同感染复数(MOI)进行E. coli感染试验,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)及酶联免疫(ELISA)技术,分析白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)等炎性因子的RNA和蛋白表达水平。结果表明,培养液中加入50 ng·mL^-1表皮生长因子(EGF)能成功培养出藏羊EECs,纯度达到98%以上;E. coli感染试验中,当MOI为1:1时,IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8基因和蛋白的表达量与对照组相比差异不显著,而TNF-α表达量显著升高(P<0.05);当MOI为20:1时,IL-8基因和蛋白的表达量显著升高(P<0.05);当MOI为50:1时,IL-1β、IL-6基因和蛋白的表达量显著升高(P<0.05),而TNF-α表达量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,酶消化法可成功培养藏羊EECs;不同MOI E.coli感染后,藏羊EECs中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α等炎性因子的表达量较对照组均显著升高(P<0.05),它们可作为识别子宫内膜炎病理变化程度的指标。本研究结果为预防子宫内膜炎、提高藏羊的生产性能以及生态养殖提供了理论依据。     

卵巢机能无障碍不孕症奶牛的细菌分离

确定卵巢机能无障碍子宫内膜炎不孕症奶牛子宫内细菌的感染状态.在调查奶牛不孕症的基础上,对临床确诊为卵巢机能无障碍子宫内膜炎不孕症奶牛的子宫内细菌进行分离鉴定.调查的853头奶牛中患不孕症的占11.8%,其中卵巢机能无障碍子宫内膜炎不孕症奶牛占66.3%,其他原因不孕症奶牛33.7%.卵巢机能无障碍子宫内膜炎不孕症奶牛的子宫内容物均被测定有细菌存在,而对照健康奶牛子宫内容物未有分离到细菌.从临床确诊的67例卵巢机能无障碍子宫内膜炎不孕症奶牛的子宫内容物中,分离到细菌菌株119株,其中葡萄球菌36株、链球菌40株、大肠杆菌36株、变形杆菌4株、芽孢杆菌1株、化脓棒状杆菌1株.本研究卵巢机能无障碍子宫内膜炎不孕症奶牛子宫内的致病菌主要是葡萄球菌、链球菌、大肠杆菌,多为2种细菌混合感染.     

Effects of immunostimulation with Propionibacterium acnes (EQSTIM) in mares cytologically positive for endometritis

Thirty-seven mares, barren for at least one year, were diagnosed to have endometrial inflammation by cytological examination and/or bacterial culture. Sixteen of these mares (the control group) were treated with prostaglandin and reevaluated cytologically within 10 days of behavioral estrus. Fifteen out of sixteen (15/16) (93.8%) remained positive for endometrial inflammation. Twenty-one mares (immunologically treated group) were treated with Propionibacterium acnes by injecting 1 ml per each 113.3 kilograms body weight intravenously on days 1, 3, and 7 following the diagnosis of endometrial inflammation. They also received prostaglandin. Twelve of the immunologically treated mares were examined cytologically as were the control mares. One of twelve examined (1/12) (08.3%) was positive cytologically for endometrial inflammation when examined within 10 days after behavioral estrus. The other nine mares in the treated group were bred on the first behavioral estrus following treatment. Nine of nine (9/9) were determined to be pregnant to 60 days gestation. The other treated mares were bred following the cytological evaluation. Eighteen of the twenty-one treated mares (18/21) (85 7%) were confirmed pregnant to 60 days gestation.     

丹连花子宫灌注液治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的实验性临床试验

为考察不同剂量的丹连花子宫灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床治疗效果,选择患子宫内膜炎的患病奶牛50头,随机分为5组,每组10头,分别为丹连花子宫灌注液高、中、低剂量组,以及药物对照组和疾病对照组;另选健康奶牛10头作为健康对照。结果表明,丹连花子宫灌注液不同剂量组治疗后患病奶牛的临床症状明显改善,其中高、中剂量组奶牛子宫复旧完全,子宫颈黏液清亮,白细胞数明显减少,pH6.5~7.0,尿兰母检查阴性,治愈率60%,有效率90%,显著高于药物对照组(P<0.05),且血液白细胞数显著减少,其中中性粒细胞数极显著低于疾病对照组(P<0.01);不同剂量组血液生化指标无异常变化。表明丹连花子宫灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎有显著治疗效果,且使用安全,推荐临床使用剂量为100mL/次,子宫灌注给药,隔天1次,连用3次。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎病因学研究进展

奶牛子宫内膜炎是奶牛养殖业最常见的疾病之一,每年因该病给养殖业带来的损失不可估量。引起该病的主要病因除了有细菌、真菌、支原体等一系列病原微生物以外,激素紊乱、遗传、疾病等奶牛自身因素以及营养、环境和不科学的饲养管理因素同样也会导致本病发生。因其病因因素较多,加大了治疗难度。因此,论文以近年来国内外最新的研究资料为基础,从诱发该疾病的病原微生物、奶牛自身因素和不当的人为因素等方面对奶牛子宫内膜炎的病因进行系统的综述,以期为预防和治疗此类疾病提供参考。     

Effects of hypertonic dextrose and paraffin solution as non‐antibiotic treatments of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance of high producing dairy cows

The objective of this study was to compare the reproductive performance of cows affected by clinical endometritis (CE) following treatment with an intrauterine infusion of 50% dextrose solutions (DEX) and liquid paraffin (LP) as alternative therapies with routine treatments including PGF_2α injection and intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline (OTC). Moreover, the reproductive indices of cows treated with endometritis were compared with those of healthy ones. At postpartum reproductive tract examination (28–35 DIM) in one Iranian dairy farm, cows with CE without any selection were assigned to four groups: (a) OTC, a common treatment in Iran, was administered (5 g) to 396 cows, (b) PGF₂α (PG) was injected to 496 cows, (c) dextrose solution (DEX): intrauterine infusion of 50% dextrose solution (200 ml) was done in 427 cows, and (d) liquid paraffin (LP) was administered (100 ml) to 423 cows via intrauterine route. We further assigned 2,233 clinically healthy cows to the control group. The incidence of endometritis was 41.6% in this study. Based on the results of reproductive indices including median days to first AI, days open (DO), first service conception rate, conception rate in 2nd and 3rd services, conception rate in all three services, pregnancy rate < 100 days and pregnancy rate < 200 days, except for median days to first AI in other reproductive indexes, reproductive performance was significantly lower in LP group compared with the healthy cows and other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Except for the first service conception rate and proportion of cows pregnant before 100 days in milk (DIM), there existed no significant difference between the DEX group and the control as far as reproductive performance is concerned (p ≥ 0.05). The first service conception rate was recognizably lower in DEX group compared with OTC and PG (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the use of a non‐antibiotic special solution of dextrose 50% is a good alternative to antibiotic agents concerning the treatment of CE in dairy cows.     

奶牛子宫内膜炎诊疗学研究进展

子宫内膜炎是奶牛产后普遍发生的一种生殖疾病,可导致奶牛产犊间期延长、产奶量降低、淘汰率增加、治疗期间奶源废弃、管理及治疗成本增加,也是导致奶牛不孕症的重要原因之一。目前国内外防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊断技术和治疗方法众多,主要有阴道镜检查、Metricheck装置评估、子宫细胞学检查、抗生素疗法、中药疗法、中西医结合疗法、激素疗法、臭氧新型疗法等诊疗技术。阴道镜检查是一种可视化检查方法,利用内窥镜直观评估奶牛阴道内分泌物性状确定子宫内膜炎严重程度;Metricheck装置是根据阴道内分泌物含量和性状,设置不同评分值评估产后奶牛子宫内膜炎和繁殖性能;子宫细胞学检查通过子宫细胞刷、灌洗或活检技术确定子宫内膜细胞和中性粒细胞（PMN）的比例,设定奶牛产后不同时期PMN最佳阈值诊断子宫内膜炎;抗生素疗法通过宫内灌注、皮下注射、静脉注射抗生素等途径治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎,治疗成本低,见效快,是目前治疗奶牛临床子宫内膜炎最常用的疗法;中药疗法筛选不同组分的中药复方制剂,通过调节奶牛机体免疫系统,改善子宫内血液循环,抑制致病菌繁殖,促进子宫恢复正常生理机能;中西医结合疗法兼具中药辩证治疗的优点和西药见效快的特点,临床治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎具有广泛应用价值;激素疗法中前列腺素通过诱导黄体溶解,消除黄体酮产生和免疫抑制,刺激子宫复旧,降低产后奶牛长期子宫感染和炎症的风险;臭氧新型疗法是将臭氧制作成泡沫制剂、油制剂等产品通过宫内灌注杀灭病原菌。这些诊疗技术在治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的过程中均取得了不同程度的效果,对评估产后奶牛繁殖性能和生产性能具有良好的指导作用。文章通过介绍这些诊疗技术在奶牛子宫内膜炎中应用的研究进展,以期为该病的防治提供参考。     

Biochemical analysis of uterine fluid for identification of indicators for subclinical endometritis in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Alterations in biochemical constituents of uterine fluid have been suggested for diagnosis of subclinical uterine infection in the bovine. This study was undertaken to investigate whether uterine fluid biomolecules could act as tool for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in the buffalo. Uterine fluid samples from normal (n = 22) and subclinical endometritis (n = 18; diagnosed based on uterine cytology)‐affected buffaloes were subjected to biochemical analysis. Among the different biochemical constituents estimated, urea, urea N, cholesterol, total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in uterine fluid obtained from subclinical endometritis‐affected buffaloes. The extent of difference between normal and subclinical endometritis‐affected buffaloes was highest in ALP (69%) followed by cholesterol (55%), bilirubin (48%), urea (30%) and urea N (30%) concentrations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the likelihood ratio (LR) was 3.63 for urea, indicating that buffaloes having less than the threshold concentration (47.5 mg/dl) of urea in their uterine fluid were at 3.6 times more risk to be affected with SE. The LRs for urea N, cholesterol, ALP and bilirubin were 2.33, 2.54, 2.12 and 1.65, respectively. It was concluded that ALP, urea, urea N and cholesterol concentrations in uterine fluid may serve as an aid for diagnosing subclinical endometritis in the buffalo.