黄瓜气孔导度、水力导度的环境响应及其调控蒸腾效应

以营养生长期温室黄瓜为研究对象,通过四元二次正交旋转组合设计,分析稳态流条件下土壤相对含水率、空气温度、空气湿度和光合有效辐射对气孔导度、土壤植物系统总水力导度的影响及其调控蒸腾效应。结果表明,4个环境因子对气孔导度、总水力导度均有正效应,对其影响最大的环境因子分别是空气湿度、空气温度;土壤相对含水率与光合有效辐射、空气温度与空气湿度对气孔导度和总水力导度存在明显的交互作用;空气湿度对气孔导度、总水力导度的单因子效应为开口向上的抛物线函数,其他环境因子的单因子效应皆趋近于线性递增函数;各因子的边际效应分析表明,空气湿度是气孔导度的主要调控途径,除光合有效辐射外,其他因子均可有效调控总水力导度。采用通径分析方法研究了环境因子、气孔导度、总水力导度调控蒸腾效应,结果表明,空气温度、光合有效辐射和气孔导度均主要通过增强总水力导度对蒸腾作用产生间接正效应,其次是对蒸腾作用的直接正效应;土壤相对含水率主要通过增强总水力导度和气孔导度对蒸腾作用产生间接正效应;空气湿度的直接影响为负效应,但其主要影响途径为通过增强总水力导度和气孔导度对蒸腾作用的正效应;气孔导度与总水力导度响应环境因子变化并相互作用,协同调控蒸腾作用。     

春玉米苗期光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度对土壤干旱的反应

为深入探索东北地区土壤水分含量变化对春玉米光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响,揭示玉米苗期干旱减产的生理机制,2010年春季在东北地区中部开展分期播种与土壤水分处理试验,进行土壤湿度、玉米苗情、净光合速率(NPn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)等观测,分析它们之间的关系。结果表明,春玉米苗期叶片NPn、Tr和Gs与土壤水分变化之间分别呈二次函数关系,0~20 cm深土壤湿度在19.5%以上时,玉米叶片气孔导度大,光合作用和蒸腾作用旺盛;土壤湿度在19.0%以下,随着土壤湿度下降,NPn和Tr近于线性下降,土壤湿度每降低1个百分点,NPn和Tr分别下降1.6 μmol/(m2.s)和0.5 mol/(m2?s)。玉米叶片Tr和Gs与NPn的关系为线性函数,Gs和Tr每降低1 mol/(m2?s)和1 mmol/(m2?s),NPn分别下降0.89和3.09 μmol/(m2?s)。玉米苗在干旱胁迫下气孔关闭,蒸腾作用减弱,使光合速率快速下降,进而抑制玉米营养生长,最终导致减产。     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

Energy balance and partition in Inner Mongolia steppe ecosystems with different land use types

Land use change and grassland degradation are two of the most critical problems ubiquitously found in arid and semi-arid areas in Northern China. Energy fluxes, including net radiation (R_n), latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H) and soil heat flux (G), were examined over an entire year (December 2005 to November 2006) in different steppe ecosystems – the steppe and cropland in Duolun and the fenced and grazed steppe in Xilinhot – in Inner Mongolia based on direct measurements from four eddy-covariance flux towers. The seasonal changes in R_n, LE, H and G of the four sites were similar, with very low values during the period of snow cover from December to February, followed by a gradual increase in the growing season. The opposite seasonal patterns of the LE and H fraction resulted in significant seasonal changes in Bowen ratio (β). Human activity in cropland ecosystems not only resulted in a rapidly shift between LE and H, but also triggered a decrease in latent heat fraction because of a shortened growing season of crop plants. The significantly positive relationships between canopy surface conductance (g_c) and LE/LE_eq of all of the study sites suggested that a lack of precipitation coupled with high VPD conduced remarkable decreases of stomatal conductance. This could impede the latent heat partitioning of available energy (R_n − G) in semi-arid ecosystems, Inner Mongolia. The obvious decrease in the values of g_c and the decoupling factor (Ω) in both the cropland and the degraded steppe suggested that land use change could depress latent flux fraction and increase its sensitivity to air and soil drought.     

Automated measurement of canopy stomatal conductance based on infrared temperature

Decreased water uptake closes stomates, which reduces transpiration and increases leaf temperature. The leaf or canopy temperature has long been used to make an empirical estimate of plant water stress. However, with a few supplemental measurements and application of biophysical principles, infrared measurement of canopy temperature can be used to calculate canopy stomatal conductance (g_C), a physiological variable derived from the energy balance for a plant canopy. Calculation of g_C requires an accurate measurement of canopy temperature and an estimate of plant height, but all of the other measurements are available on automated weather stations. Canopy stomatal conductance provides a field-scale measurement of daily and seasonal stomatal response to prevailing soil water and atmospheric conditions, and facilitates a comparison of models that scale conductance from single leaves (measured with porometers) to canopies. A sensitivity analysis of the input measurements/estimates showed g_C is highly sensitive to small changes in canopy and air temperature, and less sensitive to the other required measurements (relative humidity, net radiation, wind speed, and plant canopy height). The measurement of g_C becomes increasingly sensitive to all of the component factors as the conditions become cloudier, cooler, and more humid. We determined g_C for alfalfa and turfgrass by making the necessary environmental measurements and coupling them with a two-source (plant canopy layer and soil layer) energy balance model. We then compared these g_C values to maximum single leaf values scaled-up to the canopy level (g_CP, defined as potential canopy stomatal conductance herein) for the two crops. For both crops, g_C matched g_CP within approximately 10% after irrigation. The turfgrass g_C measurements were also compared to mean single leaf values measured with a porometer. At mid-day, g_C values were typically about double the single leaf values. Because this approach for determining g_C allows continuous, non-contact measurement, it has considerable potential for coupling with measurements of soil moisture to better understand plant–soil water relations. It also has potential for use in precision drought stress and irrigation scheduling.     

低浓度Na2CO3胁迫下星星草幼苗保护酶活性与活性氧之间的关系

对低浓度(0.2%)Na2CO3胁迫和无胁迫正常生长的星星草幼苗的相对电导率、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、MDA含量、H2O2含量和产生O2-·速率的研究结果表明,星星草幼苗各保护酶、活性氧及相对电导率之间存在一定的变化关系,这种变化关系在0.2% Na2CO3胁迫和无胁迫正常生长的星星草幼苗间存在差异.在一定程度上揭示了抗盐碱植物在正常生长情况下与碱胁迫下的活性氧(H2O2和O2-·)代谢可能存在不同的调节机制.     

水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿叶水势、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同土壤水分条件下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)叶水势、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化规律及相互关系,以期揭示其对土壤水分胁迫的气孔响应机制。结果表明:苜蓿叶水势、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)均随水分胁迫加剧而降低,三者日变化均呈双峰曲线特征,日平均值表现为充分供水>轻度胁迫>中度胁迫>重度胁迫。最低叶水势随土壤水分降低而降低;在中度和重度胁迫下,叶水势和蒸腾速率日变化峰值出现的时间提前,当叶水势为-4.68 MPa或T_r为3.27 g·m^-2·h^-1时,气孔开始关闭;在充分供水和轻度胁迫下,T_r越高,叶水势越低,且G_s随着T_r增加而增加。叶水势的变化除受土壤水分影响外,还与叶片生长发育密切相关。     

Gas exchange responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. africana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. robusta</Emphasis> to varying soil moisture content in semi-arid (Thika) Kenya

A dramatic decline in forest cover in eastern Africa along with a growing population means that timber and poles for building and fuelwood are in short supply. To overcome this shortage, the region is increasingly turning to eucalyptus. But eucalyptus raises environmental concerns of its own. Fears that it will deplete water supply, affect wildlife and reduce associated crop yields have caused many countries in the region to discourage farmers from planting this exotic. This paper is part of a series of investigations on the growth and water use efficiency of faster growing eucalyptus hybrids, which was introduced from South Africa to Kenya. The hypothesis is that the new hybrids are more efficient in using water and more suitable for the semi-arid tropics than existing eucalyptus and two popular agroforestry species. Gas exchange characteristics of juvenile Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden), two eucalyptus hybrids (E. grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn) and Cordia africana (Lam) was studied under field and pot conditions using an infrared gas analyzer was used to measure photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration rate (E) at CO₂ concentrations of 360 μmol mol⁻¹ and ambient humidity and temperature. A, E and g _s varied between species, being highest in eucalyptus hybrid GC 15 (24.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to eucalyptus hybrid GC 584 (21.0 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), E. grandis (19.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), C. africana (17.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (11.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). C. africana exhibited high E values (7.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) at optimal soil moisture contents than G. robusta (3.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (5.3 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in field experiment and G. robusta (3.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (4.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in pot-grown trees. At very low soil moisture content, extremely small g _s values were recorded in GC 15 and E. grandis (8 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (14 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to GC 584 (46.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and C. africana (90.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) indicating strong stomatal control by the species. Instantaneous water use efficiency ranged between 3 and 5 μmol mmol⁻¹ and generally decreased with decline in soil moisture in pot-grown trees but increased with declining soil moisture in field-grown trees.     

燕麦叶片光合速率、气孔导度对光强和CO_2的响应与模拟

为指导燕麦生产,并了解燕麦在陆地生态系统水-碳循环过程中的作用,用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,人工控制光强和CO2浓度,在锡林郭勒盟对燕麦叶片光合速率、气孔导度进行了研究,结果表明:燕麦叶片光合速率随光强的增强而增大,可以用米氏方程对其进行描述,在自然CO2浓度下,燕麦叶片的潜在最大光合速率为18.63μmol/(m2·s);在饱和光强下,光合速率随CO2浓度的增大而增大,也可以用米氏方程对其进行描述,CO2浓度→∞时,潜在最大光合速率达到110.28 μmol/(m2·s);气孔导度随光强的增强而增大,随CO2浓度的增大而减小;气孔限制值随光强的增强而增大,气孔限制值随CO2浓度的增大迅速增大,而[CO2]>200 μmol/mol时,气孔限制值基本保持恒定.     

沙棘叶生理年龄与源库功能转化的关系

沙棘是喜光植物,属阳生叶。群体叶片,5月份生长速率慢,6月份加快,7月份最快,8月份开始减缓。一个枝条上新叶数占28.6%,成熟叶数76.7%,老叶数23.3%。自枝条顶端向下不同叶位叶之间存在着生理年龄上的差异,也存在着表观光合效率上的差异。叶序5～13为幼叶;15～31是成熟叶;33叶以为老叶。幼叶叶绿素含量较低,成熟叶含量最高,老叶又明显下降。气孔导度,也具有幼叶张开度小,成熟叶张开度最大,老叶张开度又变小。沙棘叶气孔CO2浓度也具有个体和生理年龄上的差异。