乳酸锌对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋壳质量的影响

本试验旨在研究乳酸锌对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋壳质量的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取1600只360日龄的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分到4个处理组,各处理组8个重复,每个重复50只鸡。基础饲粮采用为玉米－豆粕型粉状饲粮,处理1饲喂基础饲粮＋60mg／kg－水硫酸锌（以锌计）,处理2饲喂基础饲粮＋60mg／kg乳酸锌（以锌计）,处理3饲喂基础饲粮＋40mg／kg乳酸锌（以锌计）,处理4饲喂基础饲粮＋60mg／kg锌（－水硫酸锌和乳酸锌提供的锌各一半）。试验结果表明,在产蛋鸡饲粮中100％以乳酸锌替代硫酸锌（提供的锌含量为60mg／kg）,能显著降低平均破蛋率,提高平均蛋壳强度和平均蛋壳厚度（P〈0．05）,死亡率最低,对蛋鸡的平均产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和平均料蛋比无显著影响（P〉0．05）。     

钙调素基因启动子序列多态性对京海黄鸡产蛋性状和蛋壳性状的遗传效应

本试验旨在分析钙调素(Calmodulin,CAM)基因启动子区域碱基多态性与京海黄鸡产蛋性状和鸡蛋蛋壳质量性状间的关系。采用PCR-SSCP法检测京海黄鸡CAM基因启动子区域碱基多态性。结果表明:京海黄鸡CAM基因启动子区域有3个SNPs(G326A、A327G、C366T),PCR扩增产物SSCP出现6种基因型:AA、AB、AC、BB、BC和CC。AA基因型个体的300日龄产蛋数和66周龄产蛋数显著高于BB型个体(P<0.05)。AA型个体的蛋壳强度和蛋壳重显著小于AB、BB、AC和BC型个体(P<0.05)。CAM基因座对京海黄鸡300日龄蛋重、蛋型指数、蛋壳强度和壳重百分率的主效应指数(MEI)均大于3%。初步推断CAM基因座可能是影响京海黄鸡产蛋数和蛋壳质量性状重要候选基因。     

四倍体刺槐与刺槐光合速率日变化差异

为了解四倍体刺槐与刺槐光合生理生态特性的差异,及生长的适宜生态条件,培育出优质高产的林木,采用LI—6400便携式光合测定系统对四倍体刺槐和刺槐的光合生理特性日变化进行了研究。结果表明:①四倍体刺槐的净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈"单峰"型曲线,最高峰值出现在10:30左右;刺槐的Pn日变化呈"双峰型"曲线,有明显的"午休"现象,第一个峰出现在9:00左右,第二个峰出现在15:00左右,第一个峰值明显高于第二个峰值。②Tr在很大程度上决定于气孔的活动状态。③四倍体刺槐的光合能力>刺槐。④四倍体刺槐与刺槐的Pn与Gs成极显著正相关,与Tr成显著性正相关。⑤刺槐对环境的适应能力强于四倍体刺槐。     

大气CO2浓度升高对茶树光合生理特性的影响

通过对不同大气CO2浓度水平下的茶树观测试验,研究了大气CO2增长对茶树新梢叶片净光合速率、蒸腾气孔导度、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量和营养元素含量等光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,在大气CO2浓度为550、750μmol·mol-1时,比正常大气CO2水平下茶树叶片日平均净光合速率提高17.9%和25.8%,并缓解和消除了光合午休现象;茶树叶片气孔导度降低7.6%和13.0%,蒸腾速度稍有下降,水分利用效率提高21.6%和35.8%;同时使茶树新梢叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量分别提高12.8%～18.4%、14.0%～22.0%、13.1%～19.4%和17.2%～20.1%,但叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值有所降低。大气CO2浓度的升高使新梢营养元素N、K、Ca含量有不同程度降低,而Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu含量有所增加。     

Regulation of root-to-leaf Na and Cl transport and its association with photosynthetic activity in salt-tolerant soybean genotypes

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity is a major constraint to sustainable crop production. Genetic improvements are needed for growing soybean in salinity-prone environments. Salt-tolerant soybean genotypes alleviate a reduction in photosynthesis and growth under saline conditions; however, the detailed mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we aimed to clarify how Na and Cl root-to-leaf transport is quantitatively regulated, and to identify whether photosynthetic tolerance depends on traits associated with either stomata or with mesophyll tissues. Two pairs of pot-grown soybean near-isogenic lines (NILs) consisting of tolerant and susceptible counterparts, derived from a cross between salt-tolerant FT-Abyara and salt-sensitive C01, were subjected to salinity treatment in a rainout greenhouse. Comparison of photosynthetic responses between genotypes indicated that genotypic differences in salinity tolerance depended on the ability for sustained CO₂ assimilation in mesophyll tissues, rather than stomatal conductance. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to intercellular CO₂ concentration (A/Ci) declined exponentially with increasing Na and Cl concentration regardless of genotype, but tolerant genotypes effectively kept both elements at significantly low levels. Under saline conditions, tolerant genotypes reduced Na and Cl content at the two transport pathways: from root to stem, and from stem to leaf, but the reduction of Cl at each pathway was only minor. These results suggest that integrating genetic capacity for Cl transport regulation and osmotic adjustment should be an important target in salinity-tolerance soybean breeding.     

Genotypic Variation of Stomatal Conductance in Relation to Stomatal Density and Length in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Stomatal conductance (g_s) is an important trait responsible for the genotypic difference in gas diffusion for photosynthesis and transpiration in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We measured g_s, stomatal density and stomatal length (guard-cell length) at two weeks before heading for 64 accessions from a rice diversity research set of germplasm (RDRS) and for three high-yielding cultivars (HYC) under field conditions. Considerable variations in g_s, and stomatal length were observed among varieties in RDRS, and it was considered that RDRS covers the species diversity of the stomatal characteristics in rice. When it was compared among the varieties with similar plant earliness, g_s was higher in HYC than in most varieties of RDRS. Stomatal density did not correlate with g_s, and there was a negative correlation between stomatal density and stomatal length. However, noticeable variance existed in the latter relation, where HYC exhibited a higher stomatal density and slightly shorter stomatal length than RDRS. High g_s in HYC is attributable to their high stomatal density and moderate specific stomatal conductance (g_s / stomatal density) while the high-g_s varieties in RDRS tended to have a lower stomatal density and higher specific stomatal conductance. Stomatal length is related to specific stomatal conductance, but there are remarkable differences between these traits. Specific stomatal conductance in HYC has not reached the upper limit for their stomatal size, which raises a possibility of further improvement of HYC in g_s.     

4个核桃品种光合特性的日变化

采用LI 6400便携式光合测定仪,分析鲁光、扎343、强特勒、中林5号4个核桃（Juglans regia）品种光合特性的日变化,以期为核桃的优质高产和规范化生产提供理论依据。结果表明,4个不同的核桃品种净光合速率（Pn）日变化均呈现双峰曲线,且在14:00均出现显著的“午休”现象;强特勒、中林5号较鲁光和扎343更早地受到了光抑制。4个核桃品种Pn与光合有效辐射（PAR）均存在显著正相关,相关系数由大到小依次为扎343>强特勒>鲁光>中林5号。     

Water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × Eucalyptus grandis: is there interclonal variation in response to experimentally imposed water stress?

This study tested the hypothesis that water stress increases the hydraulic efficiency of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis saplings as a result of osmotic and elastic adjustments. Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones (NH00, NH58, NH69 and NH70) were potted in coarse river sand supplemented with a slow-release fertiliser, drip-irrigated four times daily and exposed to full sunlight for eight months. Thereafter, irrigation was withheld twice for seven consecutive days from half of the saplings of each clone, with a seven-day recovery period (regular irrigation) in-between. Relative soil moisture content did not correlate with stomatal conductance (g_s) at pre-dawn and at midday. Leaves of plants subjected to the water-stress treatment wilted in 7 d, and the reduction in g_s was significant at midday with no significant differences between clones. Stomatal conductance and all traits derived from pressure-volume graphs (e.g. osmotic potential at full turgor) were constant in the control treatment. There were no clear patterns in osmotic and elastic adjustments in both treatments. Root hydraulic conductance was constant between treatments and clones. However, water stress reduced shoot hydraulic conductance and stem hydraulic conductivity with significant interclonal effects. Plant biomass, leaf area and leaf weight ratio were significantly lower in the water-stressed plants, but there were no differences between the clones. In conclusion, the water-stress treatment did not introduce significant differences in stomatal conductance and tissue-water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones. Interclonal variation in water-stress response was found in shoot hydraulic traits, and clone NH58 may be more suitable for planting across sites prone to moderate water stress.     

禽蛋壳膜旋风式气流清选装置研究

为减轻废弃蛋壳对环境的污染,提高蛋壳和蛋膜的附加价值,提出了蛋壳蛋膜旋风式气流分选方式。首先,基于Fluent-EDEM耦合模拟研究了旋风式气流清选装置的清选筒直径、直筒段高度等结构参数对清选筒内的流场特性、颗粒轨迹、颗粒分布的影响;其次,根据仿真结果确定了清选筒的基本尺寸,搭建试验台,以筒顶结构、风机转速、喂料机转速和喂入量为试验因素,以蛋膜的清洁率和回收率为试验指标,进行壳膜清选试验;最后,通过正交试验、二次通用旋转组合试验和优化设计,得出了最优因素参数组合。仿真显示:清选筒内流场中心柱状区域速度大、且方向向上,外围速度低、且方向向下,升气管处气压最低,有利于壳膜的分选;增大清选筒筒径会造成蛋壳回流,筒径过小不利于蛋膜收集的清洁率;增加筒体高度导致筒内能量损失过大,蛋膜回收率较低,减小筒体高度导致筒内能量损失小,筒内气流速度较大,蛋膜分选的清洁率低。试验结果表明,锥形筒顶较平顶蛋膜回收率高;物料进口速度过大,则壳膜因离心力大贴着筒壁运动,达不到壳膜分选的效果;当喂入量500 g/s、风机转速2 892 r/min、喂料机转速918 r/min时,蛋膜回收率高于94%,蛋膜清洁率高于96%。验证试验与优化结果相近,优化结果可信。     

扁核木光合特性的研究

用Li-6400光合作用测定系统对扁核木的光合特性进行了测定。结果表明：扁核木叶片光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,最高峰分别出现在10：00和15：00,有明显的光合“午休”现象;叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化趋势与光合速率相似,呈双峰曲线。光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关;影响光合作用的主导环境因子为光合有效辐射和相对湿度。扁核木光合作用的光饱和点和补偿点分别为1020μLmol&#183;m^-2&#183;s^-1和23．8μLmol&#183;m^-2&#183;s^-1,表观量子效率为0．0569;CO2饱和点和补偿点分别为1330μLmol&#183;mol^-1和54．7μLmol&#183;mol^-1,羧化效率为0．0724;光合作用最适温是24．9℃。扁核木净光合速率的季节性变化也呈双峰曲线。