Long-Term Feeding of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Fish Oil to Laying Hens: Effects on Hepatic Histopathology,Egg Quality,and Lipid Components

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of long-term feeding of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and fish oil on egg quality characteristics, production performance, liver pathology, and egg fatty acid content of laying hens. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens (n = 112), 21 wk old, were placed in cages and randomly assigned to 4 diets (28 hens/diet, 4 replicates of 7 hens) containing 3.0% yellow grease (control), 2.75% yellow grease + 0.25% CLA (YG-CLA), 2.5% yellow grease + 0.25% CLA + 0.25% fish oil (YG-CLA-FO), and 2.75% yellow grease + 0.25% fish oil (YG-FO). The experimental diets were fed for 12 mo. Eggs were collected daily for 12 mo. Feed consumption, hen-day egg production, and feed efficiency were monitored. At the end of the trial, hepatic tissue was collected for histopathology. No effect of diet was found on feed consumption, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, yolk weight, shell weight, or Haugh unit. The YG-CLA and YG-CLA-FO diets produced an increase in CLA and saturated fatty acids in the egg and liver tissue with a concomitant reduction in monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). Feeding YG-CLA-FO and YG-FO increased the n-3 fatty acids in egg yolk and liver of hens (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in the number of fat vacuoles in the liver tissue. The total fat content of hepatic and abdominal fat pads did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). Regardless of the diet, as the hens aged, egg weight, yolk weight, and egg total fat increased, and shell weight decreased (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that eggs with increased n-3 fatty acids and CLA can be generated by minor diet modifications without affecting the production performance or health of birds.     

单色光对蛋白高度、哈氏单位和蛋黄颜色的影响

180只海兰褐蛋鸡分别饲养在蓝、绿、红和白等不同光环境中,试验期为19～45周龄,光照强度为15lx,光照时间为16h。试验结果显示,绿光组蛋白高度最高((7.13±0.04)mm),与白光和蓝光组差异显著(P<0.05);绿光和红光组哈氏单位显著大于白光和蓝光组(P<0.05);白光组蛋黄颜色值(4.6±0.15)最大,与其它组之间差异极显著(P<0.01),但绿光组蛋黄颜色值与周龄间相关系数(r)极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明单色光可影响蛋品质,其中绿光组蛋品质最好。     

Effects of Cage Location and Tier Level with Respect to Light Intensity in Semiconfined Housing on Egg Production and Quality During the Late Laying Period

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cage location and tier level with respect to light intensity on egg production and egg quality of hens housed in a semiconfined facility. Hens (ISA Brown, n = 225) at 75 wk of age were placed into 3-tier cages as top (T), middle (M), and bottom (B) tiers located in cages illuminated artificially (EI), by window (FW), or between corridors (C) for 2 mo. Light intensity was measured monthly for each cage at 5 cm from feeders every 6 h. Egg production was recorded daily and egg quality was assessed biweekly. Light intensity was the greatest for cages in the FW group (151.9, 119.8, and 89.8 lx for tiers T, M, and B, respectively), followed by EI (52.6, 54.5, and 51.0 lx for tiers T, M, and B, respectively), and C (44.5, 23.4, and 4.7 lx for tiers T, M, and B, respectively). Hens at location EI had greater egg production than hens at FW and C. Egg production for hens at tier T was also greater than for hens at tiers M and B. Egg production for hens at EI and C decreased quadratically, whereas that for hens at FW decreased linearly from tiers T to B. Cage location, but not tier level, affected egg weight. Hens at EI and FW produced heavier eggs than hens at C. Shape index, yolk color, and yolk index were independent of cage location and tier level. Hens at EI and FW produced eggs with thinner and weaker shells than hens at C. Moreover, eggshell strength increased linearly from tier T to B. Both albumen index and Haugh unit were the greatest for hens at FW, followed by EI and C. Their responses to cage location varied with tier levels. In conclusion, variation in light intensity in multitier cage systems in semiconfined laying hen houses may be a contributing factor for depressed laying performance and egg quality.     

不同卵密度与培养条件对夜蛾斯氏线虫侵染期幼虫形成的影响

利用24孔培养板研究不同营养水平、pH值、温度和卵密度对夜蛾斯氏线虫侵染期幼虫形成的影响。结果表明:在Ringer溶液中,无论卵密度高低,卵或初孵幼虫均很快死亡;在10%基本培养液营养水平条件下线虫的发育停滞在二龄阶段;20%~100%的基本培养液营养水平下,侵染期幼虫的形成比率同营养水平呈负相关,与线虫卵密度呈正相关;适宜线虫向发育期三龄幼虫发育的pH值为7~8,温度为20~25℃,高于或低于此pH值或温度范围均可促使侵染期幼虫的形成;夜蛾斯氏线虫在pH值小于5或温度高于30℃条件下会很快死亡。     

肉种鸡血浆极低密度脂蛋白质量浓度双向选择的效应

以父母代肉种鸡为材料，以血浆极低密度脂蛋白（very low density lipoprotein，VLDL）质量浓度为选择指标建立肉鸡高脂系和低脂系，个体测定一世代高、低脂系母鸡产蛋性能、种蛋受精率、孵化率、二世代6周龄体质量，观察血浆VLDL质量浓度选择效应。结果显示，一世代低脂系比高脂系早开产6．7d，低脂系40周龄和54周龄产蛋量显著高于高脂系零世代，一世代低脂系种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率均优于高脂系；二世代高、低脂系6周龄体质量差异不显著。结果表明，对血浆VLDL质量浓度的低向选择使种鸡产蛋性能、种蛋受精率、孵化率产生了有益的间接反应，但对早期体质量没有影响。     

中华蜜蜂卵的转移效果研究

本试验以中华蜜蜂蜂群里不同时间段的卵为实验材料,研究了不同时间段卵人工转移后的存活率。结果表明:24～36h卵的存活率最高,其次是12～24h的卵;0～12h卵的存活率最低。     

蛋鸡锰缺乏症的病理学研究

１日龄父母代罗曼（Ｌｏｈｍａｎｎ）蛋鸡１２０只,随机分为３组,分别喂以低锰（基础日粮含锰１３．６２ｍｇ／ｋｇ）、低锰高磷（基础日粮＋０．５％的磷）、补锰对照（基础日粮＋锰８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）日粮。试验期８周。饲喂５～８周发病。低锰组发病率２６％,低锰高磷组２８％,补锰对照组无一发病。第４周时,体重分别为（２６７．９±８．３２）、（２１４．２±１０．４２）、（２６５．０±１２．１８）ｇ,低锰组、补锰对照组与低锰高磷组之间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。肝锰含量分别为（５．４０±０．７４）、（２．８２±０．３６）、（８．４８±０．９６）ｍｇ／ｋｇ,补锰对照组与低锰组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）,与低锰高磷组差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。发病症状：精神沉郁,不愿走动,伏卧,跛行,单腿发病病腿向外侧伸展,双腿发病则内收呈“Ｏ”字形或外展呈“八”字形。剖检跗关节肿大,胫骨髁骨骨质增生、肿大,髁间沟变平坦。组织学检查,胫骨骺生长板增殖区变窄,软骨基质中粘多糖减少。超微结构变化,心肌纤维、肝细胞、胫骨骺生长板软骨细胞、睾丸精原细胞等线粒体肿胀与空泡化。     

脱防冻剂方法对牛体外受精胚胎冷冻后成活率的影响

为了观察脱防冻剂方法对牛体外受精冷冻胚胎在体内、外发育率的影响,应用常规冷冻法在０．７５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ丙二醇溶液中冷冻受精后７、８ｄ的囊胚,解冻后在０．２５、０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖液中二步或在０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖液中三步脱防冻剂的胚胎孵化率（分别为６８．６％、６２．２％、６８．７％）与用ＰＢＳ／ＦＣＳ六步脱防冻剂的差异不显著（７０．４％,Ｐ＞０．０５）,但在０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖液中三步脱防冻剂后,孵化率显著降低（４７．６％,Ｐ＜０．０１）。用０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ或０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖或海藻糖预先使胚胎脱水后冷冻,解冻后可使胚胎直接在ＰＢＳ中一步脱掉防冻剂,胚胎孵化率（４５．０％～４９．５％）与在０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖液中二步脱防冻剂的相似（５１．５％,Ｐ＞０．０５）。移植试验表明,在０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖液中二步脱防冻剂获得的妊娠率与六步脱防冻剂相似,与在ＰＢＳ中一步脱防冻剂的亦无明显差异,但妊娠率均偏低（２１．４％～３７．５％）。     

小体鲟卵黄雌性蛋白分离纯化及抗血清的研制

采用凝胶柱层析法,对小体鲟(Acipenser ruthenusLinnaeus)卵黄蛋白粗提液进行分离纯化。小体鲟卵黄蛋白粗提液的质量浓度为25.04 mg/mL,经Sephadex G-200层析后出现3个蛋白峰。用聚丙烯凝胶电泳、免疫印迹(Western-blotting)和免疫扩散等方法研究表明,小体鲟卵黄蛋白由分子量分别为132.1 kD、97.4 kD、85.9 kD、67.0 kD、59.2 kD、47.6 kD、30 kD、14.3 kD和12.8 kD的9个亚基组成;层析后峰B蛋白为卵黄雌性特异蛋白(yolk female specific protein,YFSP),是一种糖脂磷蛋白,具有雌性特异性和组织特异性,抗体具有种属特异性。Western-blotting结果表明,卵黄雌性特异蛋白(YFSP)与血清雌性蛋白(FSSP)免疫印迹图谱上都显示分子量为97.4 kD和30 kD的2条杂交带,可见两种蛋白在免疫原性上具有相似性,可以用卵黄雌性蛋白抗血清代替卵黄蛋白原抗血清对卵黄蛋白原进行检测