鲜食大豆收获机弹齿滚筒式采摘装置设计与试验

针对鲜食大豆采收劳动强度大,人工采摘效率低,缺少相应收获机械装备等问题,结合鲜食大豆种植模式和采摘期植株物理特性,设计了一种弹齿滚筒式鲜食大豆采摘装置。阐述了弹齿滚筒采摘装置的工作原理,对采摘过程中的豆荚进行运动学分析,并对装置关键部件进行了参数设计和结构优化,确定了影响作业效果的因素。通过单因素预试验确定了关键参数的范围,以前进速度、滚筒转速、割台高度为试验因素,以掉落率、挂枝率、破损率为试验指标进行三因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合试验,建立了试验因素与试验指标间的数学模型,并分析了各因素对试验指标的影响。对模型进行粒子群算法优化,预测最优参数组合为：前进速度0.43m/s、滚筒转速245r/min、割台高度4cm,对应的掉落率、挂枝率和破损率的预测值分别为10.6%、4.4%、5.6%。对最优参数组合进行田间验证试验,结果为掉落率11.8%,挂枝率4.0%,破损率6.1%,试验结果与理论预测值的相对误差均不高于10.1%。方差分析表明各评价指标的实际值和预测值之间不具有显著性差异。研究结果可为鲜食大豆采摘装置设计提供参考。     

新型滚筒式贻贝清洗设备设计

为了提高贻贝清洗工序的自动化程度和清洗效果,降低工人劳动强度,设计了一种集打散和清洗工序为一体的新型滚筒式贻贝清洗设备,利用摩擦清洗方式代替当前使用的振动清洗方式,清洗后的贻贝表面附着物和足丝连接更少,该设备提高清洗加工自动化程度和降低加工人员配置的同时,设备占地面积更小。采用Solidworks软件和Simulation模块对设备进行三维建模和相关零部件的有限元仿真,并对该设备进行样机制作和相关试验。结果显示:清洗过程中,贻贝破损数量和滚筒转速成正比,清洗所用时间和滚筒转速成反比,结合破损数量和清洗时间两曲线,确定滚筒最佳转速为30 r/min,最佳清洗时间为32s,清洗速度为375颗/min(约25 kg/min)。该设备对发展贻贝船上加工模式具有借鉴意义。     

Effects of inorganic and organic dietary copper supplementation on growth performance and tissue composition for juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.)

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the dietary copper requirement of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and compare the bioavailability of copper sulphate (CuSO₄) and copper‐ethanolamine. A basal diet was formulated using semi‐purified ingredients and analysed to contain 3 mg Cu/kg. Both copper sources were supplemented to the basal diet at either 5, 10 or 20 mg Cu/kg of dry diet. No significant differences were observed in growth performance of fish fed the various diets. However, red drum fed all copper‐supplemented diets retained more copper in liver and whole‐body tissues compared to fish fed the basal diet. Within both inorganic and organic copper treatments, the highest tissue copper concentrations were observed in fish fed diets supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg. No significant differences were detected in net copper retention regardless of the nature of the copper source; hence, the bioavailability of copper sulphate and copper‐ethanolamine complex was not different in the diets for juvenile red drum. Furthermore, the minimum copper requirement for growth performance of juvenile red drum appeared to be satisfied when fish were fed the basal diet containing 3 mg Cu/kg diet, and no detrimental effects were observed in red drum fed diets supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg.     

Effect of the photoperiod on the larval development,body growth and muscle cellularity of shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.)

Shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.) larvae were maintained under three photoperiod regimes: a natural photoperiod regime (16L:8D), continuous light (24L) and equal durations of light and dark (12L:12D) from the end of the vitelline phase to the end of the metamorphosis. Muscle and body parameters were studied at hatching and at 4, 10, 14, 39 and 55 days post hatching (dph). During the vitelline phase, the total body length growth was scarce, whereas the muscle grew significantly, being the hypertrophy of the main mechanism involved. Both the total body length and the hypertrophy were significantly greater at 16L:8D than in the rest of photoperiod regimes. At 10 and 14 dph, the greatest body length was reached at 16L:8D, followed by the 24L group, showing the 12L:12D group the lowest values. At 14 dph, the hypertrophy and hyperplasia were also higher at 16L:8D than in the rest of groups. At 39 dph, the highest values of body length were reached in both 16L:8D and 12L:12D regimes, this latter group reaching the highest values of hypertrophy, thus showing a compensatory growth when comparing with the previous stages. The end of the metamorphosis took place at 50–55 dph in all the groups, with 2.7–3.1 cm of body length (P > 0.05). At this stage, the transverse area of the white muscle was similar among the groups, but the greatest hypertrophy was reached at 16L:8D, whereas the highest hyperplasia was reached at 24L.     

4LZG-1.5型小型自走式谷子收获机设计与试验

针对我国丘陵山区及平原小地块谷子机械化收获需求,研发设计了4LZG-1.5型小型自走式谷子收获机。采用适合丘陵山区作业环境的四驱轮式底盘,通过性好;设计了专用扶禾器和加长型仿形割台,解决割台损失大、倒伏收割难的问题;采用“纹杆+板齿+钉齿”组合式脱粒滚筒、小孔网筛式分离机构,解决了高湿谷子脱粒、清选难的问题。田间试验检测结果表明,总损失率4.5%,籽粒含杂率2.2%,破碎率3.1%,各项性能指标达到了设计要求,为我国谷子等杂粮作物机械化收获提供了装备支撑。      

转筒与桨叶组合式日粮混合机设计与试验优化

根据我国推广日粮饲养技术的需要及日粮混合机自主创新研究少的现状,设计了一种由中空正十棱柱状转筒与其主轴上安装的桨叶组合而成的日粮混合机,实现日粮各组分的混合加工。为探究其混合性能,利用转筒与桨叶组合式日粮混合试验装置,以混合时间、填充率、转筒转速、桨叶回转半径为试验因素,以混合均匀度、净功耗为评价指标,采用二次回归正交旋转组合试验设计方法进行试验研究。运用Design-Expert软件建立并优化分析了试验因素与评价指标之间的回归数学模型,对优化结果进行了试验验证。结果表明:各试验因素对混合均匀度的影响由大到小依次为填充率、转筒转速、混合时间、桨叶回转半径;各试验因素对净功耗的影响由大到小依次为混合时间、转筒转速、填充率、桨叶回转半径;最佳参数组合方案为混合时间3.5 min、填充率66%、转筒转速29 r/min和桨叶回转半径236 mm,对应的混合均匀度为92.98%、净功耗为32.618 k J,比优化前分别降低了5.04%、3.31%。     

红鱼寄生虫病并发感染细菌研究

2002年10月,在对大亚湾网箱养殖红鱼寄生虫病研究中,从病鱼和死鱼溃烂处共分离到7株细菌,经鉴定,为副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、霍乱弧菌、创伤弧菌、紫色色杆菌和温和气单胞菌。药敏试验结果表明:复方新诺明、多黏霉素B、氯霉素、链霉素、呋喃妥因对分离菌株具有显著的抑制作用;分离菌株对四环素等12种药物有抗药性。     

Effects of prebiotics on nutrient digestibility of a soybean‐meal‐based diet by red drum Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus)

The present study examined the effects of four prebiotic compounds on nutrient and energy digestibility of soybean‐meal‐based diets by red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). The experimental diets contained 40% crude protein of which approximately half was provided by soybean meal with the remainder from menhaden fish meal. The four prebiotics GroBiotic^®‐A (a mixture of partially autolysed brewers yeast, dairy ingredient components and dried fermentation products), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), galacto‐oligosaccharide (GOS) and inulin were individually added to the basal diet at 1% by weight. A diet with all its protein provided by menhaden fish meal was also included as a control. This control diet had the highest apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values – 87% for protein, 87% for lipid, 78% for organic matter and 83% for energy. The basal soybean‐meal‐based diet supplemented with GroBiotic^®‐A, GOS and MOS had significantly (P<0.05) increased protein (82%, 82%, 82% respectively) and organic matter ADC values (69%, 64%, 66% respectively), compared with the basal diet (69% for protein and 49% for organic matter). However, the lipid ADC values were significantly decreased for fish fed with the diets supplemented with inulin, GOS and MOS (63%, 61%, 61% respectively) compared with the basal diet (77%) but not for those fed GroBiotic^®‐A (82%). Energy ADC values were also increased in fish fed with the GroBiotic‐A^®, GOS and MOS diets (73%, 70%, 72%), compared with the basal diet (57%); however, fish fed with the inulin diet had an energy ADC value (54%) similar to that of fish fed with the basal diet. Thus, the present study is the first to demonstrate that nutrient and energy digestibility of soybean‐meal‐based diets by red drum can be enhanced with prebiotic supplementation.     

汽车转鼓试验台表面牵引力标定方法研究

为了确保转鼓试验台系统的精度,需要对其系统进行标定。标定的主要问题是如何对确定量进行测量,并通过何种调节手段,达到显示值与实际值之间的偏差符合精度要求的目的。汽车转鼓试验台转鼓主轴与转鼓电机主轴是重合的,转鼓通过电机主轴将其表面上牵引力传递给电机转子,依靠转子和定子的相互作用,牵引力将被传至与定子固定连接的电机外壳上。因此在电机外壳上安装测力传感器测量电机外壳切线方向上的力实现对转鼓试验台表面牵引力的测量。设计采用双向标定臂可以减小额外扭矩的影响,确保了汽车转鼓试验台表面牵引力的测试精度要求。     

转筒内D型二元颗粒物料滚落模式的径向分离

针对D型二元颗粒物料在转筒内的分离问题,以粘土颗粒和木制颗粒组成的物料为对象,采用离散单元法模拟了滚落运动模式下物料在转筒内的运动与分离过程。通过颗粒接触数定义物料混合指数,并结合Hong的渗流与凝聚竞争理论定量分析了物料的径向分离。结果表明:滚落运动模式下物料在转筒截面上分为平流层与活动层两部分,颗粒之间的分离运动发生在活动层;颗粒密度差异引起凝聚作用,使木制颗粒向转筒内壁分散而粘土颗粒向中心聚集,物料形成"月亮模式"分离形态;通过配置2种颗粒的半径可引入渗流机理,当渗流作用与凝聚作用相互平衡时,可避免物料发生径向分离;渗流机理的引入不受转筒尺寸的影响。