Genetic variability of rhizobacteria from wild populations of four Lupinus species based on PCR-RAPDs§

The metabolic capacities of rhizosphere bacteria can depend on intraspecific genetic variability at strain level. We sampled bacteria from the rhizosphere of three populations of four different Lupinus species at two growth stages (flowering: GS1 and fruiting: GS2). Isolates were identified to the genus level by classical biochemical tests. The most abundant genera found were Bacillus, Aureobacterium, Cellulomonas, Pseudomonas, and Arthrobacter. Genetic divergence of rhizobacteria was tested by PCR-RAPDs. The genetic distances were low, with mean values of 37 % for Bacillus, 25 % for Aureobacterium, 46 % for Cellulomonas, 16 % for Pseudomonas, and 23 % for Arthrobacter. Aureobacterium, the most abundant genus, predominated in the rhizosphere of all populations and at both growth stages (GS1 and GS2) of L. angustifolius. The Aureobacterium strains consisted of 11 groups with 90 % similarity indexes. The cluster analysis of these groups shows that strains isolated from different lupin species and sampling times have extraordinary low diversity indexes, or are even identical. This fact, together with the low genetic distance detected in the rhizosphere, reveals a clear specificity in the plant-bacteria interaction. This specificity could be related with several aspects of plant physiology.     

Biochar reduces uptake and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in winter wheat on a PAH-contaminated soil

For years, biochar has been successfully used for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in contaminated soils, not only for improving their removal from soil but also for reducing their uptake by crops. However, the underlying mechanism of biochar application reducing PAH uptake and accumulation in winter wheat remains unclear. Pot trials were conducted on a PAH-contaminated soil amended with bamboo biochar, coconut shell biochar,and maize straw biochar(MSB) for an entire gro...     

连作模式下甜菜土壤微生物研究进展

为揭示甜菜连作模式下的土壤微生物响应机制,本研究分析了甜菜连作下土壤微生物群落区系和根际微生态研究进展,初步探讨连作甜菜土壤微生物群落变化的演变规律,着重阐述土壤微生物与根际微生态在连作条件下的作用机制,并对未来的研究方向做出展望.指出连作条件下甜菜与微生物互作是一个复杂的过程,其受多重因素共同作用,与根际微生态环境密...     

Transformation of organic rhizodepositions by rhizosphere bacteria and its influence on the availability of tertiary calcium phosphate

This study assesses the influence of saccharides in the rhizodeposition on the phosphate solubilizing ability of rhizosphere bacteria. Water‐soluble rhizodeposits were analyzed of ¹⁴C‐labeled pea plants (Pisum sativum, cv. ‘Grapis’) which were grown at two different levels of P‐nutrition. The sugars produced were fed in vitro either as single compounds or as synthetic mixtures to three bacterial strains and the ability of the bacteria to mobilize Ca₃(PO₄)₂ was measured. The relative glucose proportion of pea exudates decreased under P deficiency while the content of galactose, ribose, xylose and fucose increased. In vitro feeding of single sugars and sugar mixtures showed that the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PsIA12) to dissolve tertiary calcium phosphate was lower with pentoses and the mixed sugars of the P‐deficient plants than with glucose. On the other hand, the shifted sugar pattern observed under P deficiency increased the phosphate mobilization ability of Pantoea agglomerans (D5/23) and Azospirillum sp. (CC 322) considerably. This observation can only partly be explained by the acidification of the nutrient medium. Bacteria also produced different carboxylic anions depending on sugar supply. In addition to low‐molecular mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxylic acids which are known as P‐solubilizing substances, sugar acids also played an important role in cultures D 5/23 and CC 322.     

Carbon input by plants into the soil. Review

The methods used for estimating below‐ground carbon (C) translocation by plants, and the results obtained for different plant species are reviewed. Three tracer techniques using C isotopes to quantify root‐derived C are discussed: pulse labeling, continuous labeling, and a method based on the difference in ¹³C natural abundance in C3 and C4 plants. It is shown, that only the tracer methods provided adequate results for the whole below‐ground C translocation. This included roots, exudates and other organic substances, quickly decomposable by soil microorganisms, and CO₂ produced by root respiration. Advantages due to coupling of two different tracer techniques are shown. The differences in the below‐ground C translocation pattern between plant species (cereals, grasses, and trees) are discussed. Cereals (wheat and barley) transfer 20%—30% of total assimilated C into the soil. Half of this amount is subsequently found in the roots and about one‐third in CO₂ evolved from the soil by root respiration and microbial utilization of rootborne organic substances. The remaining part of below‐ground translocated C is incorporated into the soil microorganisms and soil organic matter. The portion of assimilated C allocated below the ground by cereals decreases during growth and by increasing N fertilization. Pasture plants translocated about 30%—50% of assimilates below‐ground, and their translocation patterns were similar to those of crop plants. On average, the total C amounts translocated into the soil by cereals and pasture plants are approximately the same (1500 kg C ha^—1), when the same growth period is considered. However, during one vegetation period the cereals and grasses allocated beneath the ground about 1500 and 2200 kg C ha^—1, respectively. Finally, a simple approach is suggested for a rough calculation of C input into the soil and for root‐derived CO₂ efflux from the soil.     

复合木霉制剂防治黄连根腐病及其机理研究

为评价复合木霉制剂对黄连根腐病的防治效果, 并揭示其防病机理, 为黄连根腐病专用微生物农药的研发奠定基础, 本试验将深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride、长枝木霉T. longibrachiatum、钩状木霉T. hamatum、拟康宁木霉T. koningiopsis等4种木霉配制的复合制剂和尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum以不同的方式分别施用于黄连, 统计根腐病发生情况, 检测黄连根部防御酶活性, 用高通量测序分析根际土壤真菌群落结构。结果表明, 复合木霉制剂对尖镰孢导致的根腐病具有明显预防效果;复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢分别接种黄连可提高SOD、POD、CAT、PAL、PPO等防御性酶活性, 产生诱导抗性;而它们先后接种黄连可产生强化效应, 从另一个途径提高植株抗病性。复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢都会降低真菌的数量、多样性, 和某些真菌的相对丰度, 而复合木霉制剂的抑菌作用更强烈, 尤其能明显抑制尖镰孢、Ilyonectria sp.等病原真菌的生长, 且能改善土壤真菌群落结构。木霉和尖镰孢都能在土壤中较长期定殖。可见, 复合木霉制剂可以预防尖镰孢导致的黄连根腐病, 防病机理包括诱导黄连植株产生抗性, 接种后再遭受病原菌侵染产生的强化效应, 优化土壤真菌群落结构, 抑制土壤中病原菌等, 且有效期较长。因此复合木霉制剂具有开发为微生物农药防治黄连根腐病的潜力。     

有机、无机复合肥及调节剂对玉米根系生长和根际效应的影响

通过根袋试验,在玉米拔节期和成熟期研究了微生物茵剂(J2)、腐植酸(HA)、有机、无机复合肥(FHF)、4号生根粉(ABT)浸种对根系生长的影响。结果表明：在拔节期,HA处理的玉米根系长度和吸收面积比对照(NPK)分别增加49．2％和38．1％,HA和ABT处理玉米根际酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性都显著高于非根际。腐植酸和ABT浸种的应用,能加大玉米根系体积,增加根系长度,提高根系吸收表面积,有利于根系的生长发育,为提高磷素利用率奠定了基础。     

作物轮作对谷田土壤理化性质及谷子根际土壤细菌群落的影响

采用谷子连作(Si-Si-Si)、马铃薯-玉米-谷子轮作(St-Zm-Si)、玉米-大豆-谷子轮作(Zm-Gm-Si)和大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作(Gm-St-Si)四种种植模式进行定位试验,研究轮作对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、谷子产量和根际细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,与连作相比,Gm-St-Si轮作模式下土壤的pH值升高,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性提高,谷子产量显著增加;利用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对谷子根际土壤细菌群落结构进行分析,发现三个轮作处理的OTU数目和多样性指数均高于连作,轮作与连作的细菌群落结构与组成存在明显差异,其中Gm-St-Si处理含有丰富的疣微菌门、酸杆菌门和浮霉菌门,高丰度菌包括Planctomyces、Gemmata、Flavisolibacter、Luteolibacter等。综上表明,大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作能改善谷田生态环境,提高土壤肥力,促进土壤微生物多样性,使谷子产量增加。     

不同种植年限宁夏枸杞根际微生物的群落多样性

为了解长期人工种植宁夏枸杞根际土壤微生物群落结构特征及其与AM真菌侵染率的关系,本研究分析测定了种植5、10、15 a和24 a宁夏枸杞根际AM真菌的定殖情况和土壤理化性质,并利用PCR-DGGE技术分析了不同种植年限宁夏枸杞根际土壤微生物多样性。结果表明,不同种植年限宁夏枸杞根际土壤pH、速效磷、速效钾、硝态氮存在显著差异,速效磷、速效钾、硝态氮含量在10 a达到最大,这可能与长期施肥及植物对氮磷钾的利用率有关。测序结果表明,随着种植年限的增长,宁夏枸杞根际土壤的微生物多样性呈一定程度的下降趋势,宁夏枸杞根际AM真菌的香农指数在种植5 a时最高,条带数最多,为11条,在种植10 a时显著降低（与种植5 a枸杞相比）,在种植24 a时达到最低。根际细菌的香农指数在种植5 a时最高,条带数最多,为31条,说明5 a生宁夏枸杞根际根中细菌种类最多,在种植15 a时显著降低（与种植10 a相比）。通过相关性分析发现,孢子密度差异显著,孢子密度与铵态氮显著正相关,菌根侵染率与铵态氮呈负相关。AM真菌物种丰度与速效钾、硝态氮显著正相关,与土壤pH显著负相关,均匀度指数与pH正相关,与速效磷、铵态氮显著负相关。由此可见,树龄和土壤因子在一定程度上影响根际微生物群落结构。     

木薯叶片及根际土水浸液对花生发芽的化感效应

采用室内培养法研究了木薯叶片及根际土水浸液对花生种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应。结果表明:与对照比较,1)3种浓度木薯根际土水浸液对花生种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和综合效应均有不同程度的促进作用,浓度越高促进效果越明显,当浓度为10mg/mL时,花生种子的发芽率与对照之间达到显著水平,发芽指数和活力指数与对照达到极显著水平,当浓度为20mg/mL时,花生种子的芽长和根长显著高于对照。2)3种浓度木薯叶片水浸液对花生种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、芽长和根长均起到抑制作用,但与对照均无显著差异。3)叶片水浸液和根际土水浸液处理对5个花生发芽指标平均效应的影响,以活力指数的平均效应最强。