湖北省几种土壤的粘土矿物组成与表面化学性质

研究了湖北省棕红壤、黄棕壤、水稻土和灰潮土的粘土矿物组成、电荷性质及对磷的吸附。结果表明：①供试土壤的粘土矿物组成都以水云母为主,高岭石和１．４ｎｍ矿物含量较少,１．４ｎｍ矿物种类不同且比例变异大;②供试土壤的负电荷量（ＣＥＣ８．２）介于９．２￣１９．１ｃｍｏｌ／ｋｇ间,永久负电荷占ＣＥＣ８．２的５０％￣６４％,阴离子交换量（ＡＥＣ）为０．７５￣２．２１ｃｍｏｌ／ｋｇ,电荷零点（ＰＺＣ）介于２．３     

陕西省南部地区土壤粘粒特性研究

陕西南部土壤粘粒特性的研究发现,陕西省南部北亚热带湿润地区,发育在第四纪下蜀黄土母质上的土壤粘粒含量高,粘化层不明显,粘土矿物以伊利石和蒙脱石为主,粘粒铁富集明显;发育在基岩风化物母质上的土壤粘化层明显,粘土矿物以蒙脱石、蛭石为主,且有一定量的高岭石,粘粒中铝富集强烈。中山区暖温带湿润地区的土壤,粘粒含量较低,粘土矿物以伊利石、绿泥石为主,粘粒中铁、铝富集均不明显,元素的淋溶迁移较弱。     

石羊河尾闾黏土质夹层结构土壤对降雨入渗的响应

为探明该种土壤结构如何影响降雨在土壤中再分配及其影响效果,采用自然降雨背景下的人工试验方法开展了黏土质夹层对降雨入渗影响效果的试验研究。结果表明:(1)降雨后经过相同时间水分再分布后的土壤末期含水率主要受控于降雨初期含水率、降雨入渗所能达到的最高含水率及其黏土夹层厚度;(2)黏土质夹层表层沙土土壤含水率在降雨条件下经过长期水分再分布后表现出黏土层厚度越小,表层含水率越低的特征;黏土层及黏土层下部的沙土层初始含水率越高,在降水初期水分增加量、增加速度以及水分流失量、流失速度与初始含水率具有一定的正相关关系。因此,黏土质夹层结构土壤阻滞水分入渗到植物难以利用到的深层,将水分固持于黏土层及黏土层上下部,在表层覆沙20 cm情景下,10,20,30 cm厚度的黏土质夹层以10 cm处理总体水分保持效果最好。     

Aggregation studied by laser diffraction in relation to plowing and liming in the Cerrado region in Brazil

In the Cerrado savanna region in Brazil, the effects of different land use on Oxisol aggregation were studied using laser diffraction grain size analyses. The topsoil of plowed systems had significantly lower amount of macroaggregates (2000–194 μm) and a significantly higher amount of soil in the microaggregate size and primary particle fraction (<76 μm) compared to pastures and the native Cerrado. In plowed systems low in soil organic carbon (SOC), lime had a negative effect on aggregate stability. Lime addition had no effect on topsoil aggregation in land use systems that were not plowed regularly and generally had a higher SOC content. For all the studied topsoils, pH_KCl was positively correlated with the amount of clay dispersed after 3 h of shaking in water. SOC did not influence clay dispersion in the range of soils studied. In continuous cropping systems in the Cerrado region, with a combination of mechanical stress and low SOC, liming will cause an increase in small aggregates and primary particles and hence contribute to a destabilization of the soil structure.     

Factors influencing carbon decomposition of topsoils from the Brazilian Amazon Basin

 The influence of texture and local climate, especially precipitation, on C decomposition was evaluated in topsoils under forest and pastures at different sites located in the western, central, and eastern Brazilian Amazon Basin. Independent of the geographical location and vegetation cover, C decomposition was lower in topsoils of fine texture with a sand/clay ratio of less than 1, compared to topsoils of coarse a texture with a sand/clay ratio ranging from 2 to 8. In the former, the low sand/clay ratio appears to reduce C decomposition. In the latter, besides the effect of the high sand/clay ratio, the local climate, especially the annual precipitation, seems to play an important role in controlling C decomposition. Received: 2 March 1998     

Aspects of the adsorption and degradation of isoproturon in a heavy clay soil

Abstract. Degradation of isoproturon in a heavy clay soil followed first-order reaction kinetics with half-lives at 15 °C of 27 and 208 days in the topsoil and subsoil, respectively. Adsorption when shaken with 3 mm sieved samples of the soil fitted the empirical Freundlich relationship with k values of 3.25 in the topsoil and 1.06 in the subsoil. Adsorption in a static system with different sized aggregates of soil did not reach equilibrium, even after 24 hours contact, and the rate of adsorption was slower with larger aggregates. Following an adsorption period of 24 hours, desorption equilibrium was reached more rapidly with larger (6–10 mm) than with smaller (<3 mm) aggregates. Adsorption isotherms measured in a static system with a soil:water ratio typical of field conditions in winter also indicated less adsorption than that measured in shaken, laboratory systems with low soil:water ratios. The rate of change in water extractable residues of the herbicide was more rapid than that of total extract-able residues following application of isoproturon to the heavy clay soil in the field. The implications of the results for isoproturon leaching under field conditions are discussed.     

土壤粘粒吸附脲酶量的影响因子研究

研究了８种土壤粘粒对脲酶的吸附量,以及不同ｐＨ,温度和Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）、Ａｓ（Ⅴ）、Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）质量浓度对脲酶吸附量的影响。结果表明,８种土壤粘粒对脲酶均有吸附,但吸附数量不尽相同。非最适ｐＨ时,脲酶吸附量在弱碱性介质中的下降率大于弱酸性介质;温度升高,脲酶吸附量下降,且去有机质土壤粘粒的下降率大于原样土壤粘粒;Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）、Ａｓ（Ⅴ）、Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）抑制相同比率的脲酶吸附量时,所需３种离子的质量浓度为Ａｓ（Ⅴ）＞Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）＞Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）,表现为Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）的抑制作用最强。     

Indicative properties of fly‐ash affected forest soils in Northeastern Germany

Many forest ecosystems in Germany are strongly influenced by emissions of pollutants like SO₂ and alkaline dusts. To quantify and evaluate the consequences of long‐term fly ash deposition on forest soils, a study was conducted in pine stands (Pinus sylvestris) in the Dübener Heide in Northeastern Germany. This forest area has been influenced mainly by emissions from coal‐fired power plants and the chemical industry of the industrial region Bitterfeld‐Wolfen‐Zschornewitz since the early 1900. The study sites are located along a fly ash deposition gradient of 8, 16, 14, 18, and 25 km away from the main emission source in Bitterfeld (sites 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Samples of the organic horizons (Oi, Oe, and Oa) and mineral topsoil (0—10 cm) were taken in fall 1998 and analyzed for their ferromagnetic susceptibility and total ash content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) were performed on selected samples to differentiate between the pedogenic and atmospheric origin of the mineral components in the organic horizons. As a result of the long‐term deposition, ferromagnetic fly ash components are mainly accumulated in the Oe and Oa horizons of the forest soils studied. Ferromagnetic susceptibility was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the Oe horizon of sites 1 and 2 compared to sites 3, 4, and 5. Unusually high total ash contents for organic horizons of > 74 % were determined in the Oa at all sites. SEM revealed 3 distinct features of persistent fly ash deposits from coal‐fired power plants within the organic horizons that can be defined as ”︁stable glasses” with magnetic properties, aluminum‐silicate‐minerals, and slag fragments. SEM and EDX indicated that a great portion of the mineral particles found in the organic horizons of forests soils influenced by fly ash are from atmospheric sources. For detection of atmospheric lignite‐derived deposition into forest soils, the Oe and Oa horizons have to be considered as specific diagnostic horizons because they show indicative properties for such soils.     

Revegetation techniques on clay soil slopes in northern Italy

Several standard techniques currently used in the reclamation and revegetation of former quarry land in Italy's northern Apennine region were compared. The trial site, a 40-degree slope with clay soil, high pH and a little organic matter, was arranged in a randomized block design. The techniques assayed were hydro-seeding+tillage, hydro-seeding on sod, straw mulch+tar, jute mats+tillage+hydro-seeding, jute mats+tillage and a control. Each plot was enriched with equal amounts of chopped straw (120 g m⁻²), worm compost (140 g m⁻²) and the fertilizer Biosol^® (140 g m⁻²); the binder Terravest^® (36 g m⁻²) was also used in the three hydro-seeded plots. Ground cover, species, runoff and erosion were compared in each treatment. The overall 3-year data indicate significant differences in the treatments tested. There is a clear distinction between the treatments that promoted good grass cover growth and checked erosion (straw and tar, jute on tilled soil, and hydro-seeding on jute and tilled soil) on the one hand and the hydro-seeded treatments (on sod and on tilled soil), which showed no differences from control, on the other. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

One Dimension Compression Model for Natural Clays Considering Structure Disturbance

In order to investigate the 1D (one dimensional) compression behavior for China structured clays in a simple way, the experimental results on intact and reconstituted clay samples for 12 typical China natural clays located from south to north in China were analyzed. Based on these, a modeling method for destructuration behavior was proposed by introducing the bonding ratio and furthermore extended to disturbance soil model by using disturbance state concept. The proposed model was then validated by simulating 1D compression tests of various natural clays.