Insecticidal,repellent and fungicidal properties of novel trifluoromethylphenyl amides

Twenty trifluoromethylphenyl amides were synthesized and evaluated as fungicides and as mosquito toxicants and repellents. Against Aedes aegypti larvae, N-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamide (1e) was the most toxic compound (24 h LC₅₀ 1940 nM), while against adults N-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (1c) was most active (24 h LD₅₀ 19.182 nM, 0.5 μL/insect). However, the 24 h LC₅₀ and LD₅₀ values of fipronil against Ae. aegypti larvae and adults were significantly lower: 13.55 nM and 0.787 × 10⁻⁴ nM, respectively. Compound 1c was also active against Drosophila melanogaster adults with 24 h LC₅₀ values of 5.6 and 4.9 μg/cm² for the Oregon-R and 1675 strains, respectively. Fipronil had LC₅₀ values of 0.004 and 0.017 μg/cm² against the two strains of D. melanogaster, respectively. In repellency bioassays against female Ae. aegypti, 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide (4c) had the highest repellent potency with a minimum effective dosage (MED) of 0.039 μmol/cm² compared to DEET (MED of 0.091 μmol/cm²). Compound N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)hexanamide (4a) had an MED of 0.091 μmol/cm² which was comparable to DEET. Compound 4c was the most potent fungicide against Phomopsis obscurans. Several trends were discerned between the structural configuration of these molecules and the effect of structural changes on toxicity and repellency. Para- or meta- trifluoromethylphenyl amides with an aromatic ring attached to the carbonyl carbon showed higher toxicity against Ae. aegypti larvae, than ortho- trifluoromethylphenyl amides. Ortho- trifluoromethylphenyl amides with trifluoromethyl or alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon produced higher repellent activity against female Ae. aegypti and Anopheles albimanus than meta- or para- trifluoromethylphenyl amides. The presence of 2,6-dichloro- substitution on the phenyl ring of the amide had an influence on larvicidal and repellent activity of para- trifluoromethylphenyl amides.     

Extraction of Fucoxanthin from Raw Macroalgae excluding Drying and Cell Wall Disruption by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether

Macroalgae are one of potential sources for carotenoids, such as fucoxanthin, which are consumed by humans and animals. This carotenoid has been applied in both the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this study, extraction of fucoxanthin from wet brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (water content was 93.2%) was carried out with a simple method using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) as an extractant in semi-continuous flow-type system. The extraction temperature and absolute pressure were 25 °C and 0.59 MPa, respectively. The liquefied DME was passed through the extractor that filled by U. pinnatifida at different time intervals. The time of experiment was only 43 min. The amount of fucoxanthin could approach to 390 μg/g dry of wet U. pinnatifida when the amount of DME used was 286 g. Compared with ethanol Soxhlet and supercritical CO₂ extraction, which includes drying and cell disruption, the result was quite high. Thus, DME extraction process appears to be a good method for fucoxanthin recovery from U. pinnatifida with improved yields.     

二甲基二碳酸盐对百香果汁的杀菌效果及品质影响

以百香果汁为研究对象,考察了二甲基二碳酸盐（Dimethyl dicarbonate,DMDC）对百香果汁杀菌效果及品质的影响,研究了杀菌后百香果汁于4 ℃储藏28 d期间的品质变化规律。结果表明：DMDC处理对百香果汁有显著的杀菌效果,并可在储藏过程抑制细菌、霉菌和酵母等微生物的生长。与热杀菌相比,DMDC处理能更好地减少百香果汁中酚类、VC等活性成分的损失及抗氧化活性的下降。DMDC处理对百香果汁的可滴定酸及可溶性固形物含量无显著影响,储藏过程中DMDC处理组的可滴定酸及可溶性固形物含量总体变化不大,而蔗糖含量在储藏后期少量下降。此外,百香果汁经DMDC杀菌后色泽变化较小。总体而言,DMDC处理能有效延长百香果汁的冷藏期,并能较好地保持百香果汁的品质。     

进气压力和EGR对柴油掺混PODEn燃烧的影响

对柴油掺混聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODEn)双燃料发动机的燃料特性进行了研究.探讨了进气压力和EGR对柴油掺混聚甲氧基二甲醚燃烧和排放的影响.结果表明:随着进气压力的提高,发动机燃烧相位提前,动力性和经济性明显提高,但NOX排放物随着进气压力的提高持续增加,Soot排放物呈现出先上升后下降的趋势.随着EGR率的提高,发动机燃...     

二甲基二碳酸盐对荔枝汁的杀菌效果 及其耐受菌的分离鉴定

研究了处理温度和时间对二甲基二碳酸盐（DMDC）在新鲜荔枝汁中杀菌效果的影响,并测定了新鲜荔 枝汁经DMDC 处理后在4益贮藏期间微生物的动态变化。结果发现,提高温度能提高DMDC 的杀菌速率,缩短杀菌 时间,但不能提高总的杀菌效果。4益的荔枝汁添加DMDC 12 h后,酵母菌已经被完全杀灭,菌落总数、乳酸菌数和霉 菌数分别降低至3.73、2.6 和0.3 个对数。DMDC 处理后残留的污染菌采用16S 或18S rDNA 法进行鉴定后发现其主 要是芽孢杆菌属、毛霉属和明串珠菌属菌株,其中明串珠菌属是优势菌群。DMDC 处理后的荔枝汁在4益贮藏期间, 残留的明串珠菌能表现出生长,贮藏40 d后,其菌数将达到5个对数以上,会对荔枝汁的营养和风味产生影响。     

Cytotoxicity of Senecio in macrophages is mediated via its induction of oxidative stress

In Arunachal Pradesh and other sub-Himalayan areas of India, accidental consumption of Senecio plants by yaks is often fatal as the plant contains toxic alkaloids like Seneciophylline. The present investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the pro-oxidant effects of an ethanolic extract of Seneciochrysanthemoides (S-EtOH). S-EtOH impaired viability in macrophages, the IC₅₀ being 13.8 ± 1.11 μg/mL. The effect of S-EtOH (1 μg/mL) on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages was measured by flow cytometry using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA) where it caused a significant increase in the mean fluorescence channel (MFC) from 8.55 ± 0.03 to 47.32 ± 2.25 (p < 0.001). S-EtOH also effected a 3.8-fold increase in extracellular nitric oxide (NO) generation from 4.90 ± 0.72 μM to 18.79 ± 0.32 μM (p < 0.001), a 2.2-fold increase in intracellular NO production, the MFC increasing from 14.95 ± 0.48 to 33.34 ± 1.66 (p < 0.001), and concomitantly depleted non protein thiols as analyzed by flow cytometry using mercury orange, with a reduction in MFC from 632.5 ± 49.44 to 407.4 ± 12.61 (p < 0.01). Additionally, S-EtOH (14 μg/mL, 24 h) caused apoptosis as evident by increased Annexin V binding and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP DNA nick end labeling. Taken together, the cytotoxicity of S-EtOH can be partly attributed to its capacity to inflict oxidative damage via generation of both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species culminating in apoptosis.     

Chemical induction of apomictic seed formation in maize

Summary Silks of 18 maize (Zea may L.) F₁ hybrids were treated with different combinations of 9 growth regulators, colchicine, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for the purpose to induce apomixis (agamospermy) in 1988 and 1989. Hybrid K301 × K303 gave the highest (0.36%) average frequency of seed induction among the hybrids. The most effective treatments were DMSO, gibberellic acid plus 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA), and DMSO plus methanesulfonic acid. Individually, the highest frequency of seed induction was 1.4% for hybrid K731×K306 when treated with -naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)-zeatin mixture. The frequency of seed induction seemed to depend partially on the interaction between chemicals and hybrids. Cytological observation of root-tip cells indicated that the majority of the seeds obtained were diploid, some were mixoploid, and a few were haploid. Diploid plants from induced seeds from the same parent were morphologically uniform and resembled the parent. Variations in plant and ear heights were comparable to those of the hybrid parent. Cytological and morphological investigations suggested that the chemically induced seeds originated mainly from somatic tissue but occasionally came from reduced cells in the embryo sac, leading to haploids. The results showed that chemical induction of adventitious embryony in maize hybrids is possible, but the more effective chemicals, their concentrations, and ways of application for increasing the frequency of seed induction need to be explored for practical use.     

二甲醚/柴油混合燃料在柴油机上应用

在柴油机上进行了燃用不同比例的二甲醚/柴油混合燃料的试验研究,结果表明,燃油系统不做改动的情况下,燃用二甲醚与柴油混合燃料时,随二甲醚掺烧比例的增加,NOx和碳烟排放均下降,CO和HC排放性能也有所改善,动力性和经济性与原机无明显差异,对改善柴油机的排放有着重要的作用.     

阿苯达唑及其中间代谢物在人尿中含量的测定

阿苯达唑(Albendazole)为新型广谱驱虫药,应用于治疗囊虫病取得了较好疗效。据报道,阿苯达唑进入人体经肝微粒体单氧加氧酶p-450、NADPH FP_1及FP_2的作用下,转化成阿苯达唑亚砜,为治疗囊虫病的有效成分;继而转化成砜、二氨基砜而失活,据作者实测结果,尿中含有大量阿苯达唑亚砜和砜,尚未转化成最终产物便从尿中排出。而致使血中亚砜浓度迅速下降。通过实测数据,为临床治疗提供参考。     

两种化感物质对茄子生长及幼苗生理特性的影响

采用化感物质2,6-二叔丁基苯酚和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯进行茄子幼苗栽培试验,研究了化感物质对茄子幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:2,6-二叔丁基苯酚和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯2种化感物质在50~500μmol/L浓度范围内处理茄子幼苗,茄子株高、茎粗、地上地下部干鲜重和根系活力都受到明显的抑制,丙二醛含量及超氧自由基产生速率增大,且随处理浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,抑制作用加强.