猪粪源沼液振荡淋洗修复铬污染土壤效果及机制

针对铬污染土壤不易处置的难题,文章通过室内模拟实验,采用振荡淋洗的方法研究了猪粪源沼液对铬污染土壤中铬的淋洗效果,优化了固液比、淋洗时间和淋洗次数等影响土壤中总铬和六价铬洗脱效果的因子,并研究了猪粪源沼液淋洗前后土壤中铬形态分布及DOM的变化。结果表明,当环境温度为20℃,振荡速度200 r·min^-1时,沼液洗脱土壤铬的最优条件为:固液比1∶10,振荡6 h,淋洗1次。该条件下,当土壤总铬浓度为121.54 mg·kg^-1(六价铬浓度为119.9 mg·kg^-1)时,其总铬和六价铬洗脱率分别为43.27%,48.99%;当土壤总铬浓度为941.9 mg·kg^-1(六价铬浓度为856.9 mg·kg^-1)时,洗脱率达84.89%,96.32%。猪粪源沼液对水溶态、弱酸提取态和残渣态铬有较好的洗脱效果,有效削减了土壤环境风险。紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱显示:淋洗后土壤DOM芳香性物质及疏水性物质减少,类腐殖酸类还原性物质增多,使得沼液对铬污染土壤有解毒效果。该研究可为铬污染土壤淋洗修复提供一定的参考价值。     

A review of nutritional and toxicological implications of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) meal in animal feeding systems

The nutrient‐rich defatted castor meal has been tested as a potential source of protein in diets of many livestock species but has limitation due to challenges of toxins. This review was conducted to compile the relevant research information on advances in the use of raw and differently processed castor seed meal in animal feed. In this article, distribution and uses of castor and its products were identified. Research findings on the nutrients profile, principal toxins, various detoxification strategies, nutritional value and toxicity on common livestock species were compiled and reviewed. The defatted seed meal had crude protein range of 32–48%, gross energy of about 3200 kcal/kg. Ricin content was 9.3 mg/g seed, and the average RCA content was 9.9 mg/g. The meal had high activity of lectin, which produced agglutination at about 4.70 mg/ml minimum assays. Reports of detoxification strategies showed varying degrees of success but high pH, moist heating and microbial techniques appeared to exert greater effect on deactivating ricin. Detoxification strategy for the allergen component is inconclusive. Tannins and the phenolic contents were present at trace level and did not constitute notable threat. It was concluded that castor seed holds great potential as feedstuff when upgraded but such upgrading must be safe, cost‐effective and labour efficient for commercial acceptability.     

玉米赤霉烯酮的危害及物理吸附剂脱毒研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮（Zearalenone, ZEN）主要是由镰刀真菌所产生的一种非甾体类真菌毒素。大量分布于玉米、大麦、小麦、高粱等作物中，对动物和人体健康造成严重危害。本文综述了ZEN的理化性质、毒性危害、检测方法及物理吸附剂对ZEN吸附脱毒的研究进展。     

镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇脱毒菌及脱毒酶研究进展

 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)是由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物过程中产生的一种有毒次级代谢产物,是目前小麦及其制品中污染最为普遍的一种真菌毒素。DON能够对真核细胞产生多种毒性作用,严重危害人畜健康。DON又是一种毒力因子,促进镰刀菌扩展蔓延,加重赤霉病发病程度。利用脱毒菌、脱毒酶对DON毒素进行生物脱毒是最好的脱毒方式之一,其可将DON转化成低毒或无毒代谢产物,减少毒素对人畜健康的危害。脱毒基因还可作为新型抗源用于小麦赤霉病抗性改良,加速抗性品种的选育,从源头防止DON毒素的污染。本文概述了DON毒素生物脱毒的类型、代谢产物的毒性、脱毒基因的鉴定以及脱毒材料的应用等方面的研究进展,以期为DON毒素的生物防控和小麦赤霉病抗性改良提供参考。     

苦杏仁脱皮去毒方法的研究

本文对苦杏仁的脱皮去毒方法进行了研究，结果表明：采用0．5％Na2CO3 5?(OH)2为脱皮剂，温度90℃，脱皮时间1min效果最好，用0．3％HCl浸泡苦杏仁48h，再用0．5％Na2CO3处理，可使苦杏仁甙含量从3．92％降低到0．16％，去毒率达95．9％，用该法处理的苦杏仁白嫩可口，香味浓郁。     

Insecticide detoxification indicator strains as tools for enhancing chemical discovery screens

BACKGROUND: Insecticide discovery screens carried out on whole organisms screen for potency resulting from chemical activity at the target site. However, many potentially insecticidal compounds are naturally detoxified in vivo and do not make it to the target site. It is hypothesised that insect strains with their xenobiotic detoxification machinery compromised could be used to identify such compounds that normally fail to show up in screens; these compounds could then be more rationally designed to increase their bioavailability. This strategy was tested with transgenic Drosophila lines with altered expression of Cyp6g1 and Dhr96. RESULTS: It was observed that Cyp6g1 knockdown transgenic lines have increased susceptibility to the test compound imidacloprid, while Dhr96 knockdown transgenic lines are resistant. Evidence was found for a systemic response to xenobiotic exposure, uncovered by piperonyl butoxide treatment and by gene expression profiling. Sex-specific gene expression regulated by DHR96 was also observed. CONCLUSION: The results confirm that this approach to chemical discovery could identify compounds that escape traditional screens. The complexity of the system means that a panel of single and multiple gene knockdown transgenic lines may be required. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Azinphos-methyl and carbaryl resistance in adults of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.), Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Northeastern Spain

The resistance of Cydia pomonella (L.) to organophosphates is widespread throughout the pome fruit growing areas. The lethal effects of two insecticides inhibitors of the acetylcholine esterase, azinphos-methyl and carbaryl, were evaluated in adults of five and four field populations of the codling moth, respectively. The lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) of these insecticides were determined in a susceptible strain from Spain (S_Spain). Topical bioassays using the approximate LC₉₀ values (3000 mg (a.i.)/L of carbaryl and 2000 mg (a.i.)/L of azinphos-methyl) that were obtained in S_Spain were tested as diagnostic concentrations. The enzymatic activities of mixed-function oxidases (MFO), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and esterases (EST) were measured to investigate their potential role in the detoxification of these insecticides.Carbaryl and azinphos-methyl caused ?53% and ?39% corrected mortality, respectively, in field populations, although the diagnostic concentrations applied were twofold and fourfold higher than the maximum concentration registered in Spain, respectively. The activities of MFO and GST were 7.3- to 16.1-fold higher and 2.5- to 3.7-fold higher in all the field populations compared to those in S_Spain, respectively.     

硼诱导植物耐铝性的机制研究进展

酸性土壤中铝(Al)毒害已成为世界性关注问题,且硼(B)在耐铝毒方面广有研究。为更清晰探究硼如何提升植物耐铝性的机制作用,本综述主要从植物外部排斥机制和内部耐受机制两方面介绍了植物耐铝毒机制,探究出硼对植物铝毒害的缓解机制主要包括:(1)诱导有机酸的分泌;(2)调控根系pH的改变;(3)降低细胞壁铝结合位点;(4)调控抗氧化酶及抗氧化剂系统;(5)促使液泡区室化;(6)调控植物生长素的应答,综合以上几方面进行介绍,以期为酸性土壤中硼肥施用提高植株耐铝性提供理论基础。     

棉铃虫Bt抗感种群间数种解毒酶和中肠蛋白酶活性的比较

比较Bt抗性种群和敏感种群棉铃虫解毒酶和中肠蛋白酶的变化，测定两种群的α-乙酸萘酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的酶活力，比较α-乙酸萘酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的Km和Vmax值，并采用特异性酶抑制剂进行鉴定，结果发现，抗性种群棉铃虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶活力、Km和Vmax值都 显著升高，甲基对氧磷对抗性种群棉铃虫乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制程度比敏感种群明显霸产加，抗生种群5和敏感种群总蛋白酶活力差异不显著，弱碱性类胰蛋白酶和类凝乳蛋白酶活力差异也不显著，但抗性种群3龄幼虫的强碱性类胰蛋白酶活图形显著高于敏感种群。