浅谈中国家畜多样性的保护

本文概述了我国家畜多样性的现状 ,指出家畜多样性保护是客观实际的需要 ,是畜牧业持续发展的需要 ,也是解决生存问题的需要 ,并进一步提出了家畜多样性的保护目标和利用策略     

松嫩草原区农牧林复合系统大型土壤动物生态学研究

对松嫩草原区农牧林复合系统大型土壤动物群落的组成、空间分布、时间变化，以及与环境要素的相关关系进行了探讨。共获得大型土壤动物43类、1234只，优势类群是蚁科(Formicidae)和金龟子科(Scarabaeidae)幼虫，常见类群14类，稀有类群27类。水平分布表现出明显的不均一性，垂直分布类群数上均匀递减，个体数上表聚性明显。夏季类群数和个体数都明显多于秋季。地温对大型土壤动物影响最明显，其次是气温和降水。     

若尔盖高寒沼泽与草甸中脊椎动物分布规律浅析

描述了若尔盖高寒沼泽中脊椎动物的分布规律，沼泽脊椎动物分布受多种因素制约和影响，因而有关多样化分布的适应性与生活型，沼泽，草甸与共生脊椎动物可随外界环境与行为的影响和干扰而发生变化。在不利于沼泽，草甸的人为活动影响下，淄泽，草甸，动物自馈生态系统受到冲击，脊椎动物及其载体共生体系便会变得更加脆弱。如任其发展并失去有效控制，即会造成沼泽及其上脊椎动物及其载体共生体系便会变得更加脆弱，如任其发展并失去有效控制，即会造成沼泽及其上脊椎动物不可逆转的毁灭性消亡或大迁徙。     

Prevalent Serotypes of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Different Animal and Avian Species in India

Identification and estimation of the prevalence of Pasteurella multocida organisms in different animal and avian species in India during November 2000 to July 2003 was carried out. Out of 418 samples collected from different outbreaks suspected to be caused by P. multocida, a total of 206 bacterial cultures were identified as P. multocida on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the 206 cultures were isolated from different domestic animal species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and rabbit), avian species (chicken, duck, quail, turkey, goose) and wild animals such as leopard and deer. Serotyping of P. multocida cultures revealed the presence of various serotypes (A:1, A:3, A:1,3, A:4, B:2, D:1 and -:1) among the livestock population. P. multocida polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay applied on different forms of bacterial cultures (bacterial culture lysate, direct bacterial colony and mixed bacterial culture lysate) yielded an amplified product of approximately 460 bp specific for P. multocida. The results of PCR assay correlated well with conventional methods of identification. The present investigation revealed the presence of varied serotypes among livestock and PCR assay was found to be useful for rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of pasteurellosis in animals and avian species.     

放牧家畜甲烷气体排放量测定方法研究进展

反刍家畜瘤胃甲烷气体的排放是一种能量损失,同时对大气环境具有较强的增温效应。对放牧家畜甲烷气体排放的研究可以为确定天然草原温室气体的源与汇和制订减缓策略提供重要的理论依据。就有关放牧家畜甲烷气体的测定方法研究作了综述。     

施工噪声对特种养殖动物造成伤害的司法鉴定

以司法鉴定为切入点,通过案例分析,阐述了特种养殖动物和珍禽在繁育期间特别容易受到噪声污染的伤害;告诫侵权方在从事生产经营活动中要严格遵守《中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法》及《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》;提醒受害方要树立维权意识并做好证据保全.     

影响动物免疫抗体水平的因素及对策

影响动物免疫后抗体保护率低的原因有很多,主要包括疫苗、动物机体自身、药物使用、人为操作等因素.为有效地提高动物的抗体免疫效果,可通过合理选用疫苗、加强禽畜的饲养管理、制定科学的免疫程序、规范免疫操作等措施,解决抗体保护率的问题.     

Progress of genome wide association study in domestic animals

ABSTRACT: Domestic animals are invaluable resources for study of the molecular architecture of complex traits. Although the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for economically important traits in domestic animals has achieved remarkable results in recent decades, not all of the genetic variation in the complex traits has been captured because of the low density of markers used in QTL mapping studies. The genome wide association study (GWAS), which utilizes high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), provides a new way to tackle this issue. Encouraging achievements in dissection of the genetic mechanisms of complex diseases in humans have resulted from the use of GWAS. At present, GWAS has been applied to the field of domestic animal breeding and genetics, and some advances have been made. Many genes or markers that affect economic traits of interest in domestic animals have been identified. In this review, advances in the use of GWAS in domestic animals are described.     

Seroprevalence of tularemia in wild bears and hares in Japan

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. The distribution of the pathogen in Japan has not been studied well. In this study, seroprevalence of tularemia among wild black bears and hares in Japan was determined. Blood samples collected from 431 Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) and 293 Japanese hares (Lepus brachurus) between 1998 and 2009 were examined for antibodies against F. tularensis by micro-agglutination test (MA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. By subsequent confirmatory tests using western blot (WB) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), eight sera from Japanese black bears were definitely shown to be seropositive. All of these eight bears were residents of the northeastern part of main-island of Japan, where human tularemia had been reported. On the other hand, no seropositive Japanese hares were found. These results suggest that Japanese black bears can serve as sentinel for tularemia surveillance and may help understand the distribution of F. tularensis throughout the country. This is the first report on detection of antibody to F. tularensis in black bears of Japan.     

Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci on a farm: staff can harbour MRS when animals do not

The aim of this work was to establish the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS) in the animals and staff of a teaching and research farm. Samples of dairy cattle (36), beef cattle (26), sheep (19), horses (21), pigs (23), goats (23) and humans (13) were collected and screened for the presence of MRS. The detection of mecA gene was performed by PCR to determine the resistance of the samples to methicillin. Antimicrobial-resistance testing to penicillin, meropenem, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, oxacillin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, clindamycin, erytromycin, linezolid, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, doxycycline and vancomycin was performed on the mecA+ isolates. From the 161 samples, four methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS) were isolated from human beings (31%), whereas none was isolated from animals (0%). No methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were isolated. All of the MRCoNS isolates from this work presented different antimicrobial resistance patterns. MRCoNS may be present in humans associated with animals while not present in the animals. Selective pressure outside of the farm and a lack of MRCoNS transmission between humans and animals may be responsible for this lack of correlation.