用过硫酸铵、过硫酸钾处理芨芨草提高其营养价值的研究

分别用0.5%过硫酸铵(B)、1%过硫酸铵(C)、2%过硫酸铵(D)、0.5%过硫酸钾(E)、1%过硫酸钾(F)、2%过硫酸钾(G)、4%尿素(H)处理芨芨草,A组为对照,水分调至45%,密封保存20天,然后利用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定芨芨草有效降解率,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明:B、C、D可极显著(p<0.01)提高芨芨草DM中CP含量,分别提高CP8.62%、16.01%、30.30%;过硫酸铵可显著降低(p<0.05)NDF含量,B、C、D分别比对照组A降低2.14%、5.04%、9.09%。过硫酸钾可显著降低(p<0.05)NDF含量,E、F、G三个处理组分别比对照组A降低3.53%、6.74%、10.43%;4%尿素处理芨芨草后,芨芨草DM中CP含量极显著(p<0.01)提高(145.81%),NDF含量略有降低(2.5%),差异不显著(p>0.05)。用过硫酸铵、过硫酸钾处理芨芨草后,可极显著地(p<0.01)提高芨芨草DM、OM、NDF有效降解率,以0.5%过硫酸铵处理芨芨草效果最好,可分别提高芨芨草DM、OM、NDF有效降解率48.70%、53.43%、38.13%;4%尿素可极显著地(p<0.01)提高芨芨草DM、OM、NDF有效降解率,分别提高46.61%、50.87%、18.80%;0.5%过硫酸铵与4%尿素处理芨芨草的效果相当,但在提高NDF降解率方面,0.5%过硫酸铵优于4%尿素处理芨芨草的效果。     

白羊草灌丛草地优势种牧草营养物质及瘤胃降解动态研究

对白羊草灌丛草地优势种牧草白羊草、达乌里胡枝子、尖叶铁扫帚、铁杆蒿和隐子草的营养动态进行了研究,结果表明:随着生育期的延续,牧草粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量逐渐降低,而酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维则呈相反的趋势;豆科牧草与铁杆蒿的粗蛋白质含量以现蕾期为转折点,禾本科牧草则以开花初期粗蛋白质含量较高.同时,对白羊草和达乌里胡枝子在绵羊瘤胃内的降解动态的研究表明:粗蛋白质含量高的其粗蛋白质降解率高,白羊草在开花期的粗蛋白质降解率高于抽穗期,但稍低于拔节期,达乌里胡枝子在现蕾期的粗蛋白质降解率高于分枝期;瘤胃降解率在前24h迅速上升,之后则较平缓;8月份白羊草处于开花期,为地上生物量的高峰期,对放牧极为有利.     

用体外产气法评价精粗饲料的组合效应

以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为供体动物,利用体外产气法,通过产气量、干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的降解率、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量这五个指标的测定,评价精粗比(玉米:稻草)为0:100、20:80、30:70、50:50、100:0的五种饲料组合的营养价值及组合效应.结果表明,随着体外培养时间的延长,各精粗比日粮体外累积产气量及DM、OM、NDF降解率、TVFA产量均呈上升趋势;随着精料水平的提高,累积产气量不断升高,DM和OM的降解率均呈上升趋势,NDF降解率下降,乙酸含量减少,丙酸含量增加.精粗比为30:70的混合日粮多项组合效应值最高,组合效应最好.     

Nutritive value of forage species grown in the warm temperate climate of Australia for dairy cows: Grasses and legumes

The objective of this study was to quantify the differences in the nutritive value over 4 seasons, of 7 C₃ temperate grasses, 2 C₄ tropical grasses and 11 clover species used as forages for dairy cows. The nutritive value was assessed in terms of nutrient content and the availability of effective rumen degradable protein, rumen by pass protein, metabolisable protein (MP) and fermentable metabolisable energy.

All species were grown in plots as monocultures under conditions of non limiting nutrients and moisture and harvested by mechanical means. All species had a high crude protein content and this resulted in a high effective rumen degradable protein: fermentable metabolisable energy ratio varying from 15, for cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) to 29 for birdsfoot clover (Lotus corniculatus), and all were above the ratio of 11 required for optimal microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of dairy cows. The calculated availability of MP varied from 105 g/kg dry matter (DM) for cowpeas to 173 g/kg DM for berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) indicating that all forages would be able to meet the requirements of dairy cows producing up to 30 L/milk/day, provided they were able to consume over 19 kg DM of forage/cow/day.

Grasses had much higher hemicellulose (neutral detergent fibre minus acid detergent fibre) content than legumes. Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum), a C₄ grass, had a higher proportion of hemicellulose content than the C₃ temperate grasses. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and kikuyu had a similar metabolisable energy (ME) density (9.9 MJ/kg DM) in summer. The mean ME density of perennial ryegrass, prairie grass (Bromus wildinowii) and short rotation ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) winter was similar at 10.6 MJ/kg DM and slightly higher than cocksfoot (Dactylus glomeratus), phalaris (Phalaris tuberosa) and fescue (Fescue arundunicea) which had a mean ME density of 10 MJ/kg DM.

All forages grown were able to satisfy MP and ME requirements of dairy cows producing up to 30 L milk/cow/day, provided they were able to consume sufficient forage to achieve this level of production.     

反刍家畜常用饲料蛋白质和氨基酸瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率评定研究

本试验探讨了常用饲料在瘤胃的降解特性及非降解饲料的小肠消化率,旨在为研究反刍动物的营养平衡和消化规律及科学配制日粮提供依据。试验选用3头装瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的肉牛,采用尼龙袋法研究反刍动物常用饲料粗蛋白质和氨基酸瘤胃降解参数和表观小肠消化率。结果表明,在本试验中粗蛋白质降解率由低到高的顺序为:酒糟蛋白、黄玉米、羊草、玉米胚芽饼、菜粕、棉粕、豆粕、花生饼、啤酒糟、苜蓿、米糠、小麦麸;总氨基酸瘤胃降解率由低至高的顺序依次为:酒糟蛋白、黄玉米、羊草、玉米胚芽饼、菜粕、豆粕、棉粕、啤酒糟、花生饼、苜蓿、米糠、小麦麸。除花生饼、酒糟蛋白和黄玉米外,粗蛋白质和总氨基酸的有效降解率差异不显著(P>0.05)。粗蛋白质的表观小肠消化率由低至高的顺序依次为:苜蓿、羊草、米糠、小麦麸、啤酒糟、玉米胚芽饼、棉粕、菜粕、玉米、酒糟蛋白、花生饼、豆粕;总氨基酸的小肠消化率由低至高的顺序依次为:羊草、苜蓿、米糠、小麦麸、啤酒糟、玉米胚芽饼、菜粕、棉粕、花生饼、玉米、酒糟蛋白、豆粕。由此可见,不同的饲料瘤胃降解特性是不同的,并且为小肠提供的各种可吸收氨基酸潜力也是不同的。     

用体外产气法评价精粗饲料的组合效应

以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为供体动物,利用体外产气法,通过产气量、干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的降解率、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量这五个指标的测定,评价精粗比(玉米:稻草)为0∶100、20∶80、30∶70、50∶50、100∶0的五种饲料组合的营养价值及组合效应。结果表明,随着体外培养时间的延长,各精粗比日粮体外累积产气量及DM、OM、NDF降解率、TVFA产量均呈上升趋势;随着精料水平的提高,累积产气量不断升高,DM和OM的降解率均呈上升趋势,NDF降解率下降,乙酸含量减少,丙酸含量增加。精粗比为30:70的混合日粮多项组合效应值最高,组合效应最好。     

Utilization of browse supplements with varying tannin levels by Ethiopian Menz sheep: 2. Nitrogen metabolism

The effect of different condensed tannins concentrations on protein metabolism from browse supplements was investigated in a 90-day trial using sixty-six male Ethiopian Menz sheep. Teff straw (Eragrostis tef) was fed ad libitum (control diet), or supplemented with 190 g dried leaves of six Sesbania sesban accessions with increasing levels of condensed tannin (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6), lablab (Dolichos lablab), tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and goetzei (Sesbania goetzei) in a completely randomized block design. The condensed tannins were highest in goetzei; S6, S5 and leucaena, intermediate in S4, S3, S2 and S1, and lowest in tagasaste and lablab. The supplemented animals had significantly (P < 0.05) higher total dry matter and nitrogen (N) intake than the ones fed teff straw alone. The digestibility of N was lower for the control diet than for any other treatment (P < 0.05). S1 and S2 supplemented diets had significantly higher (P < 0.05) N digestibilities than all other diets. Faecal N, urinary N and urinary N per kg N excreted were significantly different (P < 0.0001) between diets. With increasing tannin levels (among Sesbania accessions) there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in urinary N (S1 > S2 > S3 > S4 > S5), and an increase (P < 0.05) in faecal N (S1 < S2 < S3 < S4 < S5). Supplementation increased faecal N output significantly (P < 0.0001) as well as the N retention. Among the forage supplements, N retention was significantly (P < 0.0001) lower in lablab-, tagasaste-, leucaena-, S4- and goetzei-supplemented diets, than for S1, S2, S5 and S6. Apparent nitrogen digestibility was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with the supplement dry matter and crude protein (CP) degradation after 24 h (r = 0.93 and r = 0.85, respectively), the CP content (r = 0.87), and was negatively correlated with acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre (r = –0.87 and –0.87, respectively). The CP degradability characteristics of the forages differed (P < 0.001) in water solubility (93–470 g kg^-1 CP), rate of degradation (2.58–9.73 %/h), lag phase (–1.36–13.37 h), and estimated escape protein (262–619 g kg^-1 CP). With increasing tannin levels (among Sesbania accessions), there was a significant decrease (P < 0.0001) in the rate of degradation (S1 > S2 > S3 > S4 > S5), and an increase in the estimated escape protein. The estimated rumen degradable protein (supplements) varied from 482 to 744 g kg^-1 CP, while intestine digestible protein and the undegradable protein varied from 140 to 314 g kg^-1 CP, hence the browses can supply adequate levels of rumen degradable and bypass protein. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Adding Different Mannan Oligosaccharide to Diets with Different Concentrate to Forage Ratios on Rumen Degradability of Fiber in Sheep

To investigate the effect of adding mannan oligosaccharide to diets with different concentrate to forage ratios on the degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) in rumen of sheep by nylon bags technique,6 wethers (White Suffolk♂×Small-tailed Han sheep♀) installed permanent rumen fistula were used for offering rumen fluid.The 4×6 two-factor experimental design was chosen and the two factors were the ratio of concentrate to forage (A1(20:80),A2(30:70),A3(40:60),A4(50:50)) and the dose of mannan oligosaccharide (B1 (0),B2 (0.4%),B3 (0.8%),B4 (1.2%),B5 (1.6%),B6 (2.0%)).The results showed that the rumen degradability of NDF and ADF in different times,degradation parameters and effective degradability were influenced by the factor A significantly (P< 0.05).The rumen degradability of NDF and ADF in each time of group A1 were higher than group A3 and A4 (P< 0.05).Expect for 24 h,the rumen degradability of ADF were influenced significantly by the factor B,and the rumen degradability of ADF in group B5 was higher than group B1 and B2 (P< 0.05).The rumen effective degradability of NDF in group A3 was significantly higher than groups A1 and A2 (P< 0.05), and a little higher than group A4 (P >0.05),which showed that the rumen effective degradability of NDF and ADF were higher when the ratio of concentrate to forage was 40:60.     

The effect of grain species, processing and time of feeding on the efficiency of feed utilization and microbial protein synthesis in sheep

This study investigated the effect of cereal grain species (sorghum, wheat, oats and barley), extent of processing (cracked barley, finely ground barley, and wet whole barley) and time of feeding (barley grain mixed with ryegrass hay or fed 2 h before hay was fed), on whole tract dry matter digestibility (WTDMD), and microbial protein synthesis (MPS), as a supplement to ryegrass hay when fed to rumen-cannulated sheep.Expected dry matter digestibility (EDMD) in mixtures of cereal grain and ryegrass hay was calculated by interpolation between in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) of each grain and the ryegrass hay. These were compared with measured actual WTDMD to detect positive or negative associative effects. Among grain species, the percentage difference in digestibility between actual WTDMD and EDMD was negative at − 6.6% units for wheat but positive at + 2.3%, + 4.3% and + 5.7% units for sorghum, oats, cracked or finely ground barley, respectively.As expected, the supplementation of sheep fed ryegrass hay with different sources of carbohydrates increased urinary allantoin output (as an indicator of MPS) when compared to sheep fed ryegrass hay alone. The concentration of urinary allantoin was significantly higher in sheep supplemented with sorghum (1916 mg/sheep/day) than wheat, oats or cracked barley ([mean ± S.E.M.] 1451 ± 24 mg/sheep/day) grain. There was a significantly higher urinary allantoin concentration in sheep fed cracked barley compared to finely ground barley or wet whole barley (1479 vs. 1095 vs. 1031 mg/sheep/day, respectively). There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in urinary allantoin output, expressed as output/kg DM intake, when cracked barley was mixed and fed with the hay or fed 2 h before hay. However, in terms of total output of allantoin this was significantly higher (P < 0.05) (1479 vs. 1209 mg/sheep/day).In sacco degradability characteristics of organic matter and nitrogen for sorghum, oats, wheat, barley at different levels of processing and for ryegrass hay were also measured in the rumen of cannulated sheep.Among grain species, wheat had the highest effective organic matter degradability in the rumen (78.1%) while sorghum had the lowest. The effective degradability of protein of finely ground barley in the rumen was found to be higher than cracked barley or wet whole barley.Wheat grain, being highly degradable in the rumen, had a negative effect on WTDMD. In contrast, sorghum grain, being more slowly degradable in the rumen, would be expected to provide a substantially increased supply of energy to microbes over time in the rumen for MPS.Both cracked barley and finely ground barley also had a positive associative effect on WTDMD when fed with ryegrass increasing it by 5.7% units. The MPS was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in sheep fed cracked barley compared to finely ground barley or wet whole barley. This supports the hypothesis that slowly degrading carbohydrate sources synchronise more closely with available N from degradation of forage in the rumen.     

Nutrient digestibility and energy value of sheep rations differing in protein level, main protein source and non-forage fibre source

Two in vivo digestion trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of diet's crude protein (CP) level, N degradability, and non-forage fibre source (NFFS) on nutrient digestibility and energy value of sheep rations. In each trial, rams were fed four isocaloric and isofibrous rations, differing in main protein and/or NFFS source. At the first trial, mean CP/metabolizable energy (ME) ratio of the diets was 17 g/MJ ME and at the second trial, 13 g/MJ ME. At both trials, the first ration contained cotton seed cake (CSC) and wheat bran (WB), the second CSC and corn gluten feed (CGF), the third corn gluten meal (CGM) and WB and the fourth CGM and CGF. Data of both trials were analysed in common as 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experimental design. Low N degradability (CGM) had positive effect on CP, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility of the ration. Those results suggest that an increase in rumen undegradable protein (RUP) content does not negatively affect nutrient digestibility of sheep rations. Corn gluten feed significantly elevated crude fibre (CF) digestibility, in comparison with WB. Rations having high CP/ME ratio had higher digestibility of CP in comparison with those having low CP/ME ratio; the opposite was true for ether extract, CF, NDF and ADF digestibilities. CP level x N degradability interaction negatively affected energy value of the rations that had high CP level and high N degradability. Former suggest that when CP content is high then N degradability should be low otherwise ration's ME is negatively affected. CP digestibility and coefficient q of the rations containing WB and having high N degradability (N degradability x NFFS interaction) were the lowest suggesting that the combination of CSC and WB negatively affected CP digestibility and energy value of the ration. This could be explained by a reduced microbial CP synthesis, or lower RUP digestibility or both.