间歇组合灌溉下中度盐碱土壤入渗规律

为了进一步揭示咸淡水间歇组合灌溉入渗的影响机制与规律,在室内采用垂直一维积水入渗试验,研究了不同间歇时间、组合次序下的土壤入渗特征;基于实测资料探讨3种常规的入渗模型对间歇组合灌溉在中度盐碱土壤入渗规律的适用性.结果显示:在同一入渗时间下,累积入渗量从大到小依次为间歇组合灌溉(0 min),间歇组合灌溉(30 min), 间歇组合灌溉(60 min), 间歇组合灌溉(120 min),且它们之间的差异随时间的延长越来越具有统计学意义;在整个入渗过程,入渗速率分为初渗阶段和稳渗阶段,且与先咸后淡相比,先淡后咸先到达稳定入渗率;与Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型相比,Kostiakov模型能更加准确地描述间歇组合灌溉的入渗率变化特征,但在Kostiakov模型中,先淡后咸拟合精度低于先咸后淡,说明咸淡水组合次序对模型拟合精度影响较大.     

贵阳烟草生长期内旱涝急转特征分析

【目的】探究贵阳市烟草生长期内旱涝急转特征,为防旱抗涝提供依据。【方法】利用贵阳市1951—2017年烟草生长期内逐日降水资料,以及贵州省灌溉试验中心站修文灌溉试验基地土壤墒情数据,通过定义连续无有效降水时间与涝期累计有效降水量,全面分析了贵阳市烟草生长期旱涝急转特征。【结果】在烟草生长期内,完全有可能发生2次以上旱涝急转,但强度较低。在烟草伸根期,不发生旱涝急转;在烟草旺长期,以低强度的旱涝急转为主,旱涝急转强度和频率都有增加趋势;在烟草成熟期,旱涝急转强度波动较大,旱涝急转强度和频率都有增加趋势。【结论】采用土壤墒情数据验证,基于连续无有效降水时间和涝期累计有效降水量能准确描述烟草生育期内旱涝急转演变规律。     

槟榔江水牛体重及体尺生长规律的研究

 为了阐明槟榔江水牛的生长发育规律,分别利用Brody, Gompertz和Logistic模型对其体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、腹围、管围6个指标进行了累积生长曲线方程的拟合和比较分析,并利用日增重描述了该水牛的绝对生长,进一步采用改进的计算方法对其相对生长规律作了分析。结果表明：3种曲线模型拟合的效果都很好(r2＞0.95)。通过比较各个性状的拟合度,Brody模型的拟合度最大,最适合用于槟榔江水牛的生长发育研究。由Gompertz模型计算出槟榔江水牛公牛的拐点月龄和拐点体重分别为71月龄和1224kg;母牛的拐点月龄和拐点体重分别为60月龄和1079kg。公、母牛都在6月龄达到绝对生长高峰,而18月龄绝对生长速度最慢。公牛的日增重呈先下降后上升的过程。母牛的日增重出现了2个峰,一个在6月龄,另一个在24月龄。公、母牛的相对生长曲线较一致,后期生长强度明显不如前期,整条曲线大致上呈下降趋势,表明在幼年时新陈代谢旺盛,生长发育的强度大,成年后趋于稳定。本研究提示应加强槟榔江水牛的饲养管理,特别应重视其母牛和育成期牛的饲养管理。     

Susceptibility of three strains of blue catfish,Ictalurus furcatus (Valenciennes), to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

This study compared the susceptibility of three blue catfish strains (D&B, USDA 101 and USDA 102) to the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich). In Trial I, a cohabitation study (all strains stocked communally) was conducted and fish were exposed to theronts at 0, 200, 1000, 5000 or 25 000 theronts fish^?1, respectively. All fish died when exposed to theronts at 5000 or 25 000 theronts fish^?1. When exposed to 1000 theronts fish^?1, USDA 102 strain of blue catfish showed significantly lower mortality (78.5%) compared to USDA 101 and D&B strains (92.7% and 100%). In Trial II, the same three strains of blue fish were evaluated for their susceptibility to Ich with strains challenged in separate tanks by adding Ich theronts at 0, 200 and 1000 theronts fish^?1, respectively. All D&B and USDA 101 blue catfish died; however, 42.3% of USDA 102 strain survived the infection when exposed to 1000 theronts per fish. The results indicate that there are differences among strains of blue catfish for susceptibility to Ich, and these differences will be useful in the development of improved catfish germplasm for commercial aquaculture.     

基于生长和死亡参数变化的官井洋大黄鱼资源现状分析

依据2010—2011年福建官井洋水域渔业资源监测调查资料,对2 098尾大黄鱼的体长、体质量、生长、性腺进行测定。据此,利用von Bertalanffy生长方程和死亡参数分析官井洋大黄鱼资源现状,并讨论了拐点年龄,临界年龄等渔业生物学特征。结果表明,目前官井洋大黄鱼平均体长132.6 mm,优势体长组为110～150 mm,占55.96%;平均体质量45.1 g,优势体质量组为10～50 g,占61.77%,大黄鱼幼鱼和补充群体已成为渔业生产的主要捕捞对象。大黄鱼体长—体质量间的关系式为W=2.001×10-5L3.006。用ELEFAN技术拟合的von Bertalanffy生长方程参数分别为L∞=385.4 mm、k=0.43及t0=-0.32a,拐点年龄为2.2龄。对照20世纪80年代福建近海海域大黄鱼群体L∞值从555.4 mm下降到现在的385.4 mm,拐点年龄由2.97下降到2.2,均表明当今大黄鱼群体小型化且低龄化严重。生长系数k由0.36增长到0.43表明大黄鱼的生长速度加快。总死亡系数(Z)为3.12,自然死亡系数(M)为0.45,捕捞死亡系数(F)为2.67,资源开发率(E)为0.856。大黄鱼M值出现上升,可能与福建近海环境质量下降有关,而高强度的捕捞促使大黄鱼捕捞死亡系数由0.84上升到2.67,说明大黄鱼资源已经处于过度开发状态。在官井洋大黄鱼现行资源状态下,应努力降低捕捞死亡水平,保护大黄鱼生存环境,而对目前以小型化和低龄化为主的大黄鱼群体,建议以控制大黄鱼的开捕年龄(t0)为主。     

Estimation of northern pike population sizes via mark–recapture monitoring

Abstract Estimates of population size are needed in populations targeted by recreational fisheries, to determine their conservational status and to formulate fishing regulations. Mark–recapture monitoring is a promising tool for this because of the increased popularity of catch‐and‐release angling. Northern pike, Esox lucius L., population sizes were estimated in four lakes based on experimental mark–recapture fishing using a hierarchical Bayesian model that also estimated natural mortality. The approach was compared with output from traditional Petersen’s population size estimates. Despite intensive fishing with multiple gears, the population size estimates suggested that a substantial proportion of individuals remained unobserved by fishing. Petersen’s estimates depended on the assumed rate of natural mortality, and no mortality rate scenario matched with the Bayesian estimates. Consequently, the number of individuals caught by recreational anglers is a poor proxy of population size for which estimations should be carried out using a modelling approach that also estimates natural mortality.     

几种盐碱因子对青蛤的致毒效应

盐碱水具有缓冲性能差、主要离子比例不稳定、碳酸盐碱度(Carbonate Alkalinity,CA)和pH高等特点。青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)生长快、抗逆性强、耐盐范围广,是一种在盐碱水中颇具养殖前景的品种。寄予为今后在盐碱水中开展青蛤养殖提供数据的目的,本文应用静态急性毒性实验的方法,研究了96 h内水体中不同K+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度及CA和pH对青蛤死亡率的影响。结果显示:当K+浓度低于11.3 mg.L-1(对照水平的1/22)和高于838.7 mg.L-1(对照水平的3.34倍)时,青蛤的死亡率均超过了90%;其半致死浓度(LC50)分别为40.8 mg.L-1和541.2 mg.L-1。当Ca2+浓度为4.5 mg.L-1(对照水平的1/64)和4 600 mg.L-1(对照水平的16倍)时,其死亡率均为34%左右。当Mg2+浓度为0和3078 mg.L-1(对照水平的3.38倍)时,其死亡率均仅为8.5%左右。CA方面,其值低于40 mmol.L-1时,青蛤的死亡率不超过5%,其值为80 mmol.L-1时,青蛤的死亡率也仅为20%。而pH方面,其值超过9.5时,青蛤开始急剧死亡。研究认为:影响青蛤存活的主要限制因子为K+和pH。此外,青蛤对CA的耐受性较强,表明其确实具有在盐碱水中开展养殖的前景。     

基于ISM法的三沙湾资源开发累积生态效应研究

通过分析三沙湾中主要用海开发活动,从用海类型出发,在地形地貌、水动力、水质和沉积物质量、生物生态等方面的累积效应以及自然灾害诱发效应等指示因子中筛选出27个要素。利用解释结构模型(Interpretative Structural Modeling,ISM)分析了各要素之间的关系,建立了三沙湾资源开发累积生态效应的解释结构模型。从该模型的各个阶层,直观地反映出海湾资源开发各用海类型的累积生态效应发生过程,为海湾资源开发利用、规划和管理提供具有一定借鉴意义的理论基础和技术手段。     

Insecticidal activity of destruxin, a mycotoxin from Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales), against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval stages

BACKGROUND: The cyclodepsipeptide destruxin produced by the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) was administered by different methods, topical application, ingestion and a combination of the two, in an attempt to minimize the mycotoxin dose for efficient management of the insect pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.).RESULTS: The insecticidal activity of destruxin on the larval stages of S. litura showed an ascending trend in LD(50) values with increasing age. The value for 12-day-old larvae in the combined application assay was as low as 0.045 microg g(-1) body weight of crude destruxin from M-19 strain when compared with the corresponding values of 0.17 microg g(-1) body weight in the ingestion assay and 0.237 microg g(-1) body weight in the topical application assay. On the other hand, values were higher in the treatments with crude destruxin from the low-virulence M-10 strain of M. anisopliae showing the least quantities of A and E components of destruxin.CONCLUSION: Laboratory bioevaluation showed the combination assay of ingestion and topical application of crude destruxin to be efficient in enhancing its insecticidal properties. The adopted combination assay apparently simulates application of the insecticide at field level. Quantitative differences between destruxins from low- and high-virulence strains of M. anisopliae are in accordance with its presumed role in virulence.     

The requirement for the inclusion of formulation efficacy trials in pesticide preregistration evaluations

BACKGROUND: Optimization of biocide use could serve to reduce the risks of biocides on human health. To optimize the risk/benefit ratio, it is important to develop procedures for evaluating the efficacy of biocide formulations. The authors examined the effectiveness of ten pyrethroid insecticide aerosol formulations registered for the household control of flies. Tests were performed using adult Musca domestica L. Knockdown effects and mortality were measured in a test chamber using the manufacturer's recommended discharge time. RESULTS: The knockdown effect varied greatly between aerosols of similar composition. The knockdown 15 min post-treatment was 66-98% for flies placed 120 cm above floor level and 53-96% for flies placed at a height of 180 cm. The KDT(50) values ranged from 2.5 to 9.2 min for flies placed at 120 cm and from 3.2 to 12 min for flies placed at 180 cm. The highest rates of mortality were obtained for a formulation containing S-bioallethrin, permethrin and piperonyl butoxide (81% at 120 cm and 79% at 180 cm). CONCLUSION: Formulations similar in insecticide composition exhibit significant differences in efficacy. Consequently, insecticidal efficacy preregistration evaluations should address not only the efficacy of the active ingredient but also the effectiveness of the formulation.