小灵猫定点排粪及即时取食的驯化研究

为探索小灵猫人工驯养繁殖技术,对小灵猫生态行为进行观察研究,结果表明,小灵猫的某些野性可通过人为引导加以改进,向有利于人工养殖的方面发展,并成功地引导其定点排粪及投食后即时取食。     

我国文化体制改革的人本原则

我国文化事业体制和机制的僵化导致了一系列的问题。发展我国文化事业必须坚持“以人为本”的原则，即遵循文化企事业单位和文化市场的发展规律，通过人本身的知识、能力和创新技术创造出文化产品和服务来充分满足人的精神文化需求，从而最终达到人的全面发展。     

中国自然保护区基于社区的生态旅游发展研究

本文引入了国外基于社区的生态旅游这一新发展理念。然后分析了基于社区的生态旅游发展对我国自然保护区的意义。本文认为社区参与是自然保护区保护与发展的新范式,社区参与是自然保护区保护与发展的必然选择;从社区的角度来看,笔者认为基于社区的生态旅游有利于增强保护区社区的自我发展能力,促进旅游社区的可持续发展;基于社区的生态旅游是生态旅游的高级阶段。在基于社区的生态旅游利益主体分析的基础上,对中国基于社区的自然保护区生态旅游发展现状进行了深入研究,探讨社区参与能力的原因。最后,提出了提高社区参与能力,促进保护区生态旅游发展的几点建议。     

氮、磷和钾肥施用量对有机生态型无土栽培温室黄瓜产量影响的研究

采用二次回归饱和D-最优试验设计方法研究了固态N、P和K肥施用量对日光温室有机生态型无土栽培春茬黄瓜产量的影响,建立了N、P和K肥施用量与早、中、后期黄瓜产量形成之间的数学模型.试验结果表明:N、P及K对黄瓜的早期产量影响极显著,产量区间为2 400～3 260 g/小区的最佳施肥量(单位:g/株/次)为N 0.83,P2O5 0.37,K2O 0.86;P、K是影响黄瓜中期产量的主要因素,产量区间为6 400～9 200 g/小区的最佳施肥量分别为N 0.66,P2O5 0.33,K2O 0.90;黄瓜生长后期,N肥对黄瓜产量的影响极其显著,产量区间为2 000～2 940 g/小区的最佳施肥量为N 0.61,P2O5 0.40,K2O 0.94.     

青海河湟地区水资源综合开发与区域经济发展研究

本文分析了河湟地区水资源特征、开发利用现状及存在的问题,在此基础上,论述了河湟地区水资源开发利用与区域经济发展模式。研究表明:加快开发黄河水能资源,建立以水能资源开采业为主导的产业群发展;浅山地区因地制宜推广雨水集流利用工程,走出“水窑+科技+节水产业+生态”的发展模式;“引大济湟”工程有助于提高水资源可利用量,推进湟水流域全面发展。     

Status of black grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) resistance to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors in France

We assessed the contributions of target site‐ and non‐target site‐based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) in Alopecurus myosuroides (black grass). A total of 243 A. myosuroides populations collected across France were analysed using herbicide sensitivity bioassay (24 300 seedlings analysed) and ACC genotyping (13 188 seedlings analysed). Seedlings resistant to at least one ACC‐inhibiting herbicide were detected in 99.2% of the populations. Mutant, resistant ACC allele(s) were detected in 56.8% of the populations. Among the five resistant ACC alleles known in A. myosuroides, alleles containing an isoleucine‐to‐leucine substitution at codon 1781 were predominant (59.5% of the plants containing resistant ACC alleles). Comparison of the results from herbicide sensitivity bioassays with genotyping indicated that more than 75% of the plants resistant to ACC‐inhibiting herbicides in France would be resistant via increased herbicide metabolism. Analysis of herbicide application records suggested that in 15.9% of the populations studied, metabolism‐based resistance to ACC‐inhibiting herbicides was mostly selected for by herbicides with other modes of action. Our study revealed the importance of non‐target site‐based resistance in A. myosuroides. Using herbicides with alternative modes of action to control populations resistant to ACC‐inhibiting herbicides, the recommended management approach, may thus be jeopardised by the widespread occurrence of metabolism‐based resistance mechanisms conferring broad‐spectrum cross‐resistance.     

A review of non-chemical weed control on hard surfaces

Weed control research to date has mainly focused on arable land, especially regarding herbicides, but also regarding non‐chemical methods. Some of these experiences can be applied to hard surface areas. However, weeds on hard surface areas cause problems that are different from those on arable land. Additionally, crop tolerance does not need to be considered when choosing an appropriate weed control method on these areas. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge of weeds and weed control methods on hard surface areas and reveal potential ways of advancement. One of the shortcomings of non‐chemical weed control on hard surfaces thus far, is a lack of proper definition of efficiency of the weed control methods. To obtain effective control, more frequently repeated treatments are required than chemical weed management, thereby increasing the costs of labour and fuel. One way to reduce costs can be by adjusting the level of control to the required visual street quality. Weeds are adapted to the hard surface environment and may be less susceptible to certain control methods. This review indicates that for efficient weed control on hard surfaces there is a need for combining weed control techniques, applying sensors for detecting weeds, adapting the energy dose to type of weed flora and prevention of weeds by improved construction of new surfaces.     

银杏内生真菌No.1028代谢产物的抗真菌活性及其培养生物学特性

采用无菌技术从银杏茎中分离到一株内生真菌(No.1028),经形态分类学和rDNAITS序列分析研究鉴定为黑孢属Nigrosporasp.,菌丝生长速率法测定结果表明,其代谢产物对重要作物真菌病害病原菌具有明显的抑制作用。离体条件下内生真菌发酵液对番茄早疫病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、菜豆炭疽病菌、葡萄炭疽病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、黄瓜立枯病菌均有较强的抑制作用,对上述不同病原菌的抑制率分别为66.7%、48.3%、64.6%、36.5%、57.1%和23.0%。经提取分离得到纯的白色晶体状活性物质。同时也研究了不同碳源、氮源、无机离子对内生真菌No.1028生物学特性和生长的影响,发现玉米粉、黄豆饼粉比较适合其生长和抑菌代谢产物的合成,Na 对抑菌代谢产物的合成有较明显的促进作用。     

Significance of leaf infection by Botrytis cinerea in stem rotting of tomatoes grown in non-heated greenhouses

The most serious symptom of Botrytis cinerea in tomatoes grown in greenhouses is stem rotting. Lesions on the stem may result from direct infection or from progression of the rot along infected leaves, until infection approaches the stem. In a set of experiments conducted in commercial greenhouses, an experimental greenhouse and growth chambers, the significance of the two types of stem infections was studied. In non-heated greenhouses most of the stem lesions originated from progression of the pathogen along infected petioles. The rate at which B. cinerea had progressed on infected petioles was 0.3–0.5 cm/day, an average of ca. 6 weeks was needed for a leaf infection to approach the stem. Application of Trichoderma harzianum T39 extended this time by 1–2 weeks and application of chemical fungicides by 3 weeks. Influence of the environment on the progression of B. cinerea along infected petioles was then determined. Within range of 5–30 °C, the higher the temperature, the more rapid was the rate of disease progression. The fungus progressed more rapidly on tomato petioles incubated at high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) rather than at low VPD. The source-sink relationship of the plant governed the rate of B. cinerea progression along the petioles as well: it was more rapid when the source was restricted (by shading) and slower when the sink was restricted (by removal of flowers and small fruits). The possibility that sanitation of infected leaflets would reduce the incidence of stem rotting was examined in two experiments. In plots not treated with a fungicide, the sanitation treatment substantially decreased the incidence of stem lesions and this treatment was as effective as weekly application of chemical fungicides.     

不同生态区藏山羊的产绒性能研究

选择青藏高原四个不同的生态区,对藏山羊的产绒性能进行了研究,结果表明：西藏两个产区藏山羊的产绒量和绒的主要品质指标均高于四川两个产区,尤其是西藏阿里地区藏山羊的产绒量和绒的品质明显优于其他产区,四川茂县藏山羊的产绒量和绒的品质较差;同时,西藏两产区藏山羊的产绒量从年龄上看以４岁较高,从毛色上看以白色个体较高;四个不同生态区内藏山羊的产绒性能差异较大,越严酷的高寒生态条件,其产绒量越高,绒的品质越好。今后应根据不同的生态区按不同的生产方向对藏山羊这一宝贵的基因库资源进行开发利用。