复硝酚钠对低温下黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗耐寒性的影响

为缓解低温胁迫对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗的伤害,以黄瓜中农106为试验材料,研究不同浓度复硝酚钠(CSN)浸种对低温胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发及萌发后生长的影响,以及CSN灌根处理对黄瓜幼苗壮苗效果及幼苗耐寒性的影响。结果表明,适宜浓度的CSN浸种能显著提高低温胁迫下黄瓜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、侧根数和鲜重,以50 mg·L^-1浓度效果最佳。在黄瓜育苗过程中,100 mg·L^-1的CSN灌根处理能显著提高穴盘苗质量和壮苗指数,低温胁迫下CSN通过促进矿质元素吸收,提高幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化酶活性,提高生长素(IAA)和油菜素内酯(BR)含量,降低活性氧和丙二醛(MDA)含量以提高幼苗的耐寒性。本研究为培育黄瓜壮苗和提高黄瓜幼苗耐寒性提供了新方法,也为复硝酚钠在设施蔬菜上的应用提供了技术支持。     

西红花抗肿瘤作用的研究进展

癌症明显影响人类的平均寿命和生活质量,而从蔬菜、草药和香料中提取的天然物质可能有助于预防或治疗多种癌症。西红花具有多种活性成分,具有明显的抗肿瘤潜力,民间中医已将其广泛用于治疗很多疾病。该文通过查阅知网、PubMed和SciFinder中相关文献和资料,获得西红花试验数据,并进行归纳总结,着重介绍了西红花及其主要成分,并对国内外大量的体内、体外试验的研究进展进行综述,发现藏红花具有清除自由基和抗肿瘤活性,并在体外和体内模型中均具有明显的抗肿瘤作用。基于当前数据表明,西红花可被视为有潜力的候选临床抗癌药物。     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Lipoxygenase Gene cDNA from Cucumber Fruit （Cucumis sativus L.）

Lipoxygenases are nonheme-iron-containing dioxygenases that catalyze the hydroperoxidation of unsatrated fatty acids containing a cis, cis-1,4-pentadiene structure producing hydroperoxy acids with conjugated dienes. LOX activity has been found in a wide range of plants. Typical substrates for LOX in plants are linoleic acid and linilenic acid fatty acids. The function of various LOXs in plants is unknown, but their participation in all stages of plant growth and development has been suggested （Hildebrand, 1989; Siedow, 1991）. Some of the physiological processes in whicn lipoxygenses have been implicated include wounding （Saravitz and Siedow, 1996）, pathogen attack （Melan et al., 1993）, seed germination （Kato et al., 1992）, fruit ripening （Ferrie et al., 1994）, plant senescence （Paliyath and Droillard, 1992）. The study on the role of lipoxygenase in ripening and senescence fruit focused on tomato and strawberry. Cloning LOX gene of cucumber fruit will make us further understand the molecularaction mode of this enzyme during fxuit ripening and senescence. In this paper we isolated the partial nucleotide sequences of cucumber fiuit lipoxygenase gene and discuss the characterization of it.     

萝卜肉质根膨大过程中库活性的变化

以根冠比不同的3个萝卜品种为材料,研究了萝卜肉质根的生长动态和肉质根膨大过程中源-库活性的变化.结果表明:播种后14～21 d肉质根开始膨大,并在播种28d后进入快速膨大期;叶片的快速生长期先于肉质根.3个品种其根冠比(鲜质量)存在非常明显的差异.其中‘短叶13'在播种后35 d,其根冠比即达到1以上;至播种后56 d其根冠比高达4.7,而‘叶用萝卜'根冠比始终小于1.源活性在播种后14～21 d达到最大,之后逐渐下降,但‘叶用萝卜'源活性在播种后21～28 d仍维持较高的水平;库活性在播种后28 d(‘短叶13'和‘叶用萝卜')或35 d(‘白玉春')内持续快速提高,之后则呈下降趋势.在整个生长过程中,‘短叶13'的源活性始终低于其它两个品种,而其库活性和地下部干重并不低于其它2个品种.     

Assessment of genetic relationships among Cucumis spp. by SSR and RAPD marker analysis

The first successful production of a sterile interspecific hybrid obtained from a cross between Cucumis hystrix Chakr. (2n = 2x = 24) and Cucumis sativus var. sativus L. (2n =2x = 14), and its subsequent fertility restoration through chromosome doubling provide an effective means for investigating genetic relationships among Cucumis spp. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to investigate relationships among C. s. var. sativus L., C. s. var. hardwickii (R.) Alef., C hystrix, C. hytivus Chen & Kirkbride (the amphidiploid species from chromosome doubling of the C. sativus x C. hystrix interspecific hybrid, 2n = 38), C. melo (2n =2x = 24) and C. metuliferus Meyer and Naudin (2n =2x= 24). A total of 109 SSR bands and 398 RAPD primed sites were used to calculate Jaccard's distance coefficients for cluster analysis using a unweighted pair‐group method using an arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) algorithm. The genetic relationships identified using SSR and RAPD markers were highly concordant, such that the correlation between SSR and RAPD genetic distance (GD) estimates was r = 0.94. SSR and RAPD analysis of 22 accessions allowed for their grouping into two distinct groups designated as CS and CM. While group CS consisted of 11 C. sativus genotypes, and the C. hytivus and C. hystrix accessions, group CM included six C. melo genotypes and C. metuliferus. The GD values between C. hystrix and C. sativus ascribed by SSR and RAPD matrices were 0.59 and 0.57, respectively. These GDs were smaller than those detected between C. hystrix and C melo (0.87 and 0.70 derived from SSR and RAPD markers, respectively).     

Production and characterization of Raphanus sativus-Brassica rapa monosomic chromosome addition lines

Breeding of Raphanus sativus‐Brassica rapa monosomic chromosome addition lines (MALs, 2n = 19) was carried out by backcrossing the synthesized amphidiploid line, Raphanobrassica (R. sativus×B. rapa, 2n = 38, RRAA, line RA89) with R. sativus cv. ‘Shogoin’ (2n = 18, RR). In the first cross of Raphanobrassica× radish, four sesquidiploidal BC₁ plants (2n = 28, RRA, RA89‐36‐1, RA89‐31‐1, RA89‐31‐2, RA89‐31‐3) were successfully developed. In these plants, the chromosome configurations of 9II + 10I and 10II + 8I were observed frequently at first metaphase (MI) of meiosis in pollen mother cells (PMCs). The RA 89‐36‐1 plant produced many seeds in the reciprocal backcrosses with radish. About 50% of the BC₂ plants obtained from the cross of RA89‐36‐1 plant × radish were 2n = 19 plants, followed by 2n = 18 plants (24%) and 2n = 20 plants (19%). In the reciprocal cross, 2n = 19 plants were also developed at the rate of 40%. From analysis of specific morphological traits, 2n = 19 plants were classified into eight types (a‐h). When 25 selected primers were used in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers derived from B. rapa for each type of MAL were detected in numbers between three for e‐type and 16 for b‐type. RAPD markers specific for each type alone were from one (OPE 05‐344) for h‐type to nine for b‐type. In the g‐type, no marker specific to this type alone was observed. However, 19 bands were common between at least two types. These MAL plants exhibited predominantly the chromosome configuration of 9II + 1I at MI of PMCs, pollen and seed fertility being the same level as the radish cv. ‘Shogoin’. From the morphological traits and DNA markers, eight different MAL types among 10 expected were identified.     

Molecular marker analysis of genetic variation characterizing a grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) collection from central Italy

Levels of genetic similarity characterizing 20 grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) populations collected in central Italy (17 populations in the Marche region and three populations in the Abruzzo region) were analysed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. Two main clusters were found: one included large‐seeded populations from farms that were not market‐oriented (named Household populations) and the second, small‐seeded populations, cultivated in market‐oriented farms (named Commercial populations). Relationships among populations collected in different regions were found, although one population of the Abruzzo region was placed between the two main clusters, suggesting a possible further genetic differentiation within this grasspea germplasm collection. Principal component analysis based on AFLP marker frequency was effective in identifying polymorphic markers showing high discriminating ability between clusters H and C. In particular, seven markers showing high positive and three markers with low negative PC1 scores showed an almost cluster‐specific distribution. These results will be useful for enhancing Italian grasspea germplasm use in plant‐breeding programmes and for extending grasspea cultivation within the sustainable agricultural systems of central Italy.     

黄瓜性别决定的细胞学研究

对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）雄、雌花的细胞学特征进行了研究。黄瓜雄、雌花的发育从花芽原甚至雌蕊原基出现，无明显差异,在雌花中雌蕊原基出现后雌花进一步发育，花芽的中心凹陷发育为下位子房，雄蕊的花药原基中并未分化出小孢子母细胞。开花时，花药体积较小，并由一群形态结构基本一致的小型细胞组成。在雄花中，雌蕊原基出现后，花芽的中心未发生凹陷，在以后的发育过程中，尽管体积有所增大，但至开花时仍未产生柱头、花柱和子房。电镜观察结果显示，早期滞育雄芯细胞的质体具简单的片层结构，不含淀粉粒，线粒体的嵴不明显。开花时，质体内有较大的淀粉粒，线粒体分化出较明显的嵴，高尔基体周围小泡丰富。同样，开花时滞育雌蕊的细胞内质体大量积累淀粉,线粒体的数量较多，有高度分化的峭，高尔基体产生大量小泡。观察结果表明，尽管滞育雄蕊和滞育雌蕊正常的发育途径受阻，但其细胞和某些细胞器仍在发育成熟。     

黄瓜的分子标记和连锁图谱研究进展

黄瓜分子标记和遗传连锁图谱的研究工作相对番茄、小麦等作物比较落后,至今开展的分子标记研究多围绕黄瓜遗传关系分析进行,现有的几张遗传连锁图谱基本是由美国Staub研究小组完成,已被定位在图谱上的同工酶、RAPD、RFLP、SSR、AFLP等标记总数达到300多个,各标记间平均距离达到2.1cM,被整合在一起的遗传基因不足10个(F、B、de、ll、dm)。     

植物根围促生细菌（PGPR）的分离筛选及对黄瓜土传病害的防治

为获取防治黄瓜土传病害的植物根围促生菌(PGPR)并明确其防效,采用促生筛选法与大田小区试验法,对黄瓜根围的促生细菌进行了筛选并对其田间防效进行了研究。结果表明,通过盆栽测定结合平皿初筛,筛选到的三株PGPR菌株,CH1,CH2和CH3都能显著地促进黄瓜生长。此外,离体拮抗试验发现,CH1和CH2对黄瓜枯萎病菌都有拮抗作用,而对瓜果腐霉均无拮抗作用,CH3对两种病原菌都有拮抗作用。盆栽防病效果测定,证实了这三株PGPR对黄瓜枯萎病和猝倒病都有较好的防治效果,田间试验进一步验证了其防效,并且发现PGPR间的亲和与非亲和性组合的促生与防病效果都显著好于单株的。这些试验结果为三株PGPRs的进一步研究和产业化奠定了坚实的基础。