基于微型近红外光谱仪油菜籽粗脂肪 与粗蛋白校正模型的建立

为了验证微型近红外光谱仪的现场分析实用性,利用该光谱仪测定了油菜籽中粗脂肪与粗蛋白的含量。采集油菜籽样品的近红外反射光谱,光谱经预处理和异常样本剔除后,结合偏最小二乘法回归(PLSR)建立油菜籽的粗脂肪与粗蛋白定量分析模型。结果表明,粗脂肪的模型校正相关系数(Rc)、校正均方根误差(RMSEC)、预测相关系数(Rp)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.9187、1.1873、0.8162和1.3895;粗蛋白的模型校正相关系数(Rc)、校正均方根误差(RMSEC)、预测相关系数(Rp)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.8773、0.8153、0.8033和0.7532。验证了该光谱仪在油菜籽的粗脂肪含量和粗蛋白含量检测方面是可行的,为进一步拓展微型近红外光谱仪的应用奠定了基础。     

黄土高原13种栽培牧草营养成分NIRS模型分析

对2012-2013年黄土高原种植的13个牧草品种、780份干草样品的营养成分建立了近红外光谱(near infrared reflectance spectroscopy,NIRS)的检测模型。豆科牧草的粗脂肪(EE)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和粗灰分(Ash)建模结果最好,其定标决定系数(RSQ)0.94,交叉验证相关系数(1-VR)0.7最高,定标标准分析误差(SEC)在0.071~0.713,交叉校验定标标准分析误差(SECV)在0.160~2.751。禾本科牧草的EE和可溶性糖(WSC)建模结果最好,RSQ分别达0.916和0.859,1-VR分别为0.609和0.810,SEC和SECV分别是0.250、1.488和0.505、3.172。菊科和车前科牧草的模型,除ADF外,其它指标预测的稳定性和准确性较为理想,RSQ在0.85以上,1-VR在0.70以上,SEC和SECV分别在0.361~3.557和0.495~4.602。NIRS对豆科粗蛋白(CP)和WSC的数值预测较差,RSQ仅0.55,对禾本科CP、ADF、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、Ash及菊科和车前科的ADF的预测稍差,RSQ0.7。     

复合酶制剂对北京填鸭胴体性状、体脂沉积和营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮复合酶制剂水平对北京填鸭胴体性状、体脂沉积和营养物质表观消化率的影响。选取35日龄健康、大小均匀的雄性北京鸭96只,随机分成4个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复4只鸭。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加100、200和300 mg/kg的复合酶制剂,试验鸭在35和36日龄饲粮填饲量分别为260和300 g,之后5 d各组饲粮填饲量均为400 g/d。试验期为7 d。结果表明:1)饲粮复合酶制剂水平对北京填鸭屠体重、屠体率、全净膛重、全净膛率、腿肌重、腿肌率、龙骨长和胸宽均无显著影响(P0.05),而对北京填鸭增重、胸肌重、胸肌率、胸肌厚、肌胃重和肌胃率有显著影响(P0.05)。试验2组和试验3组北京填鸭胸肌重和肌胃重分别比对照组显著提高了7.88%和7.60%(P0.05)。2)饲粮复合酶制剂水平对北京填鸭皮脂重、皮脂率、腹脂重、腹脂率、肝脏重、肝重率和肝脂率均无显著影响(P0.05)。试验1组皮脂厚与对照组相比显著提高了16.2%(P0.05)。3)饲粮复合酶制剂水平对北京填鸭干物质和总能表观消化率无显著影响(P0.05),而对北京填鸭粗蛋白质表观消化率有显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加复合酶制剂对北京填鸭体脂沉积无显著影响,但能够提高饲粮中粗蛋白质表观消化率,并促进胸肌和肌胃的生长发育。     

The quantity and quality of feed available to indigenous chickens under the scavenging system in semi-arid Eastern Kenya

Free range indigenous chickens suffer from low productivity due to inadequate quantity and quality of feed, high predation and high mortality rates. The aim of the study was to establish the nutritional gaps in the free range chickens’ diets. A total of 40 farmers from two locations participated in the study. The study used 548 chickens aged 7–8 months purchased from farmers. The experimental chickens were slaughtered before weighing the carcass and crop content. The weight of the gastro-intestinal tract, heart and liver was also recorded. The crop contents were analysed after drying in the oven for 48 hours at 60 °C to determine what was consumed. The mean live weight of the experimental chickens was 1443 ± 296?g. The chickens mainly fed on maize, which accounted for over 80% of their diet. The estimated metabolizable energy (ME) of the crop contents for the study chickens was 2887.8 Kcal/kg. Although the chickens from Kionyweni had significantly (P<0.05) higher ME than those from Kilome, it was lower than the 3044 Kcal/kg recommended for scavenging chickens. The crude protein (CP) was 10.6 ± 2.8%, which was lower than the 16–18% CP requirement for layers. The essential amino acids available to the chickens in the two study areas included lysine, tryptophan and methionine-cysteine. Their availability was higher during the rainy season compared to the dry season.     

Maternal high‐fat diet promotes onset of diabetes in rat offspring

The onset and progression of type II diabetes is closely related to environmental factors, in particular dietary habit. Moreover, the environmental exposures very early in life can influence the risk for development of type II diabetes later in life. In this study, we investigated pathophysiological changes in the pups of maternal Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats that were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) throughout gestation and lactation. Maternal SDT rats were continued on HFD for 5 weeks, from day 8 of gestation to day 21 after birth, and biological analyses of the pups were performed from 2 to 22 weeks of age. Results of serum lipid levels in pups from dams fed HFD were higher than pups from dams fed a standard diet, and the onset of diabetes was significantly accelerated in pups from dams fed HFD. In pathological analyses, pups from dams fed HFD showed increases in liver weight and vacuolation of hepatic cells at 2 weeks of age. In conclusion, the metabolic disorder of lipids and glucose in SDT rats is closely related to the nutritional condition of dams during the periods of gestation and lactation.     

Digestibility of common reed (Pharagmites communis Trin.) silage as ruminant feed and effects of inclusion levels in the diet of breeding cows on feed intake,ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites

To examine the digestibility of common reed (Pharagmites communis Trin.) silage and effects of inclusion levels in the diet of breeding cows on nutrient intakes, ruminal fermentation and nutrient status, two digestion trials using four sheep and cows, respectively, at the maintenance stage were conducted. In the trial using sheep, common reed silage contained 20% crude protein (CP) and 50% total digestible nutrients (TDN) on a dry matter basis. In the trial using cows, treatments were the control (92.4% Sudangrass hay and 7.6% soybean meal) and CS25, CS50 and CS80 (replacing 25%, 50%, and 80% of the control with silage, respectively). The intake and sufficiency rate of CP increased by increasing the silage level in the diet (P < 0.05), and the CP requirements of cows at maintenance was satisfied in CS80. In contrast, the sufficiency rate of TDN decreased in CS80, although it was 99.8%. Ruminal pH and NH₃‐N concentration changed among the treatments (P < 0.05); however, the blood metabolites were not affected by silage. The results indicated that including common reed silage of up to 80% in the diet of breeding cows was possible and did not have adverse effects on the blood metabolites.     

Effect of dietary kapok oil supplementation on growth performance,carcass traits,meat quality and sensory traits of pork in finishing‐pigs

Kapok seed and oil from the tropical zone are widely used as pig feed to harden porcine fat in Japan. This study evaluated the effect of dietary kapok oil supplementation on pork quality and sensory traits. Five Duroc pigs each were assigned to an experimental group supplemented with kapok oil and a control group. Dietary kapok oil supplementation had no effect on growth performance and intramuscular fat content in the Longissimus dorsi muscle (LM). Supplemental kapok oil increased saturated fatty acid contents in subcutaneous and intramuscular fat and decreased monounsaturated fatty acid levels (P < 0.05). Off‐flavor detection by a trained panel was higher in the experimental than the control group (P < 0.05), but tenderness, juiciness, texture and flavor intensity of LM chops were similar in both groups. The overall palatability of pork as judged by a consumer panel decreased with kapok oil supplementation (P < 0.01). These results indicate that while growth performance, intramuscular fat contents and carcass characteristics were unchanged, while dietary kapok oil supplementation makes firm fat to prevent inferior soft fat in pork, it can lower the palatability of pork due to a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids.     

Effects of dietary heme iron and exercise training on abdominal fat accumulation and lipid metabolism in high‐fat diet‐fed mice

Animal by‐products can be recycled and used as sources of essential nutrients. Water‐soluble heme iron (WSHI), a functional food additive for supplementing iron, is produced by processing animal blood. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of 3% WSHI and exercise training for 4 weeks on the accumulation of abdominal fat and lipid metabolism in mice fed high‐fat diet. Exercise‐trained mice had significantly less perirenal adipose tissue, whereas WSHI‐fed mice tended to have less epididymal adipose tissue. In addition, total weight of abdominal adipose tissues was significantly decreased in the Exercise + WSHI group. Dietary WSHI significantly increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of lipoprotein lipase and hormone‐sensitive lipase. WSHI‐fed mice also tended to show increased mRNA levels of adipose triglyceride lipase in their epididymal adipose tissue. Dietary WSHI also significantly decreased the mRNA levels of fatty acid oxidation‐related enzymes in the liver, but did not influence levels in the Gastrocnemius muscle. Exercise training did not influence the mRNA levels of lipid metabolism‐related enzymes in the epididymal adipose tissue, liver or the Gastrocnemius muscle. These findings suggest that the accumulation of abdominal fat can be efficiently decreased by the combination of dietary WSHI and exercise training in mice fed high‐fat diet.     

Effects of Concentrate Protein Levels on Growth and Development of Xinong Saanen Dairy Goat Lambs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different crude protein (CP) levels of concentrate on the growth and development of Xinong Sannen dairy goat lambs.60 lambs(40 male and 20 female) with good similarity in age (5 days) and birth weight were selected and randomly allocated to 4 groups. The groups M16 and M20 were males with 20 lambs per group,groups F16 and F20 were females with 10 lambs per group. The groups M16 and F16 were fed supplementary concentrate with 16% CP,the others were fed supplementary concentrate with 20% CP. The test lasted for 18 weeks,and the weight and body size indexes of the lambs were measured every 2 weeks,and the blood samples were collected and the biochemical indexes were analyzed. The results showed that the weight of lambs in 20% CP group had an increaseing trend than that in 16% CP group,and that was more apparent in male lamb. The body height,rump height,rump length,body length,chest depth and chest circumference of lambs in 20% CP group were greater than that of the 16% CP group.Male lambs seemed to have a faster tendency than female lambs in growth and development during the trial period.There was no significant effect on most of blood biochemical indexes among different CP levels groups (P >0.05).High CP level diet could easily trigger diarrhea.So,the feeding amount with high CP level concentrate should be controlled during lamb cultivation.Compared with 16% CP in concentrate,the 20% CP was more beneficial to grow and develop to the lambs.     

山羊CMKLR1基因的克隆、表达及其与肌内脂肪的相关性研究

试验旨在克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列并进行生物信息学分析,研究其表达与肌内脂肪（IMF）沉积的相关性。采集山羊皮下脂肪组织,应用RT-PCR克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列;以GAPDH（GenBank登录号：AJ431207.1）为内参基因,实时荧光定量PCR检测其在山羊不同组织中的表达量及在肌肉组织中的时序表达谱（以肝脏表达量为基准）;测定肌肉组织中的IMF含量,分析其与CMKLR1 mRNA表达量的相关性。结果显示,克隆获得了山羊CMKLR1基因,1 089 bp的CDS区,GenBank登录号：KT165374。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,CMKLR1基因在24月龄山羊心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、脂肪、背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中均存在不同程度的表达,其中在肺脏中表达量显著高于其他组织（P< 0.05）;CMKLR1基因在1~3和24月龄的山羊背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌中表达趋势相同,均是在股二头肌中表达量最高,而8~10月龄则是在臂三头肌中表达量最高。山羊IMF含量以24月龄背最长肌含量最高。山羊背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中CMKLR1 mRNA表达与IMF含量相关性不显著（P> 0.05）。CMKLR1基因不参与山羊IMF沉积作用,试验结果为进一步研究CMKLR1基因奠定理论基础。