棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯及其复配剂的抗性趋势与交互抗性

在70％的高选择压下,分别用溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和凯明2号(50％辛硫磷·甲基对硫磷·三氟氯氰乳油,即含三氟氯氰菊酯的复配药剂)对室内饲养了12代未经农药处理的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(H(?)bner)敏感品系进行了抗性筛选。结果,经连续筛选至第12代的LD_(50)值与筛选前第1代的LD_(50)值比较,抗溴氰菊酯种群对溴氰菊酯的抗性为136.7倍,属高抗水平;抗三氟氯氰菊酯种群对三氟氯氰菊酯的抗性为9.5倍,抗凯明2号种群对凯明2号的抗性为3.4倍,均属低抗水平。用8种常用杀虫剂分别对这3个种群在停止上述杀虫剂筛选2代后进行了交互抗性分析。结果表明,3个种群平均对8种杀虫剂的抗性倍数中,对溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、灭多威的抗性极显著高于其余5种杀虫剂;3个种群的平均抗性倍数之间差异极显著,顺序依次为抗溴氰菊酯种群>抗三氟氯氰菊酯种群>抗凯明2号种群;以平均抗性倍数表示的抗性种群与杀虫剂的交互作用有以下几个结果:①高抗溴氰菊酯的种群对氰戊菊酯和灭多威有极显著的交互抗性,但对三氟氯氰菊酯和凯明2号仍反应敏感。②抗三氟氯氰菊酯和抗凯明2号的2个种群对溴氰菊酯有极显著的交互抗性;抗三氟氯氰菊酯种群对灭多威和氰戊菊酯有一定抗性,抗凯明2号种群对硫丹有一定抗性。     

First report of target-site resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in Bromus tectorum L.

Background

The prevalent and repeated use of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides for Bromus tectorum L. control in fine fescue (Festuca L. spp) grown for seed has selected ACCase-resistant B. tectorum populations. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the response of nine B. tectorum populations to the ACCase inhibitors clethodim, sethoxydim, fluazifop-P-butyl, and quizalofop-P-ethyl and the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor sulfosulfuron and (2) characterize the resistance mechanisms.

Results

Bromus tectorum populations were confirmed to be resistant to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicides tested. The levels of resistance varied among the populations for clethodim (resistance ratio, RR = 5.1–14.5), sethoxydim (RR = 18.7–44.7), fluazifop-P-butyl (RR = 3.1–40.3), and quizalofop-P-ethyl (RR = 14.5–36). Molecular investigations revealed that the mutations Ile2041Thr and Gly2096Ala were the molecular basis of resistance to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. The Gly2096Ala mutation resulted in cross-resistance to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicides fluazifop-P-butyl and quizalofop-P-ethyl, and the cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides clethodim, and sethoxydim, whereas Ile2041Thr mutation resulted in resistance only to the two APP herbicides. All B. tectorum populations were susceptible to sulfosulfuron (RR = 0.3–1.7).

Conclusions

This is the first report of target-site mutations conferring resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in B. tectorum. The results of this study suggest multiple evolutionary origins of resistance and contribute to understanding the patterns of cross-resistance to ACCase inhibitors associated with different mutations in B. tectorum. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Multiple herbicide resistance in littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor): A threat to wheat production in India

Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.), a troublesome weed of wheat in India, has evolved multiple herbicide resistance across three modes of action: photosynthesis at the photosystem II site A, acetyl‐coA carboxylase (ACCase), and acetolactate synthase inhibition. The multiple herbicide‐resistant (MHR) populations had a low level of sulfosulfuron resistance but a high level of resistance to clodinafop and fenoxaprop (ACCase inhibitors). Some of the populations had GR₅₀ (50% growth reduction) values for clodinafop that were 11.7‐fold greater than that of the most susceptible population. The clodinafop‐resistant populations also showed a higher level of cross‐resistance to fenoxaprop (fop group) but a low level of cross‐resistance to pinoxaden (den group). Although clodinafop and pinoxaden are from two different chemical families (fop and den groups), their same site of action is responsible for cross‐resistance behavior. The populations that were resistant to four groups of herbicides (phenylureas, sulfonylurea, aryloxyphenoxypropionate, and phenylpyrazolin) were susceptible to the triazine (metribuzin and terbutryn) and dinitroaniline (pendimethalin) herbicides. The P. minor populations that were resistant to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate and phenylurea herbicides were effectively controlled by the sulfonylurea herbicide, sulfosulfuron. In the fields infested with P. minor that was resistant to clodinafop, a sulfosulfuron application (25 g ha^?1) increased the wheat yield by 99.2% over that achieved using the recommended rate of clodinafop (60 g ha^?1). However, the evolution of multiple resistance against the four groups is a threat to wheat production. To prevent the spread of MHR P. minor populations, as well as the extension of multiple resistance to new chemicals, concerted efforts in developing and implementing a sound, integrated weed management program are needed. The integrated approach, consisting of crop and herbicide rotation with cultural and mechanical weed control tactics, should be considered as a long‐term resistance management strategy that will help to sustain wheat productivity and farmers' income.     

斜纹夜蛾对茚虫威的抗药性汰选及交互抗性测定

为评估茚虫威抗性风险,在室内进行了斜纹夜蛾对茚虫威的抗性选育和交互抗性测定。经过10代6次室内抗性选育,获得了斜纹夜蛾对茚虫威抗性种群,与选育前相比,斜纹夜蛾对茚虫威的敏感性降低了15.63倍。抗性风险评估结果表明,斜纹夜蛾具有对茚虫威产生高水平抗性的风险。交互抗性测定发现,辛硫磷、高效氯氰菊酯和氟虫腈对茚虫威抗性种群的LC50值分别是同源对照种群的1.53、2.42和1.53倍,溴虫腈和灭多威对茚虫威抗性种群的LC50值分别是同源对照种群的0.78和0.96倍,表明茚虫威抗性种群对这几种杀虫剂未产生交互抗性。     

小菜蛾阿维菌素和虫酰肼抗性品系对几种新型药剂的交互抗性研究

以敏感品系为对照,利用室内筛选获得的虫酰肼和阿维菌素高抗品系Teb-R和Aba-R,测定了小菜蛾对几种新型杀虫剂的交互抗性。结果发现:小菜蛾对虫酰肼产生高水平抗性后(抗性倍数185.5倍),对阿维菌素表现出中等水平交互抗性(41.0倍),对茚虫威(11.4倍)和溴虫腈(5.3倍)仅表现出低水平交互抗性,对多杀菌素(1.7倍)和氯虫苯甲酰胺(1.4倍)则没有表现出明显的交互抗性。用阿维菌素筛选Teb-R品系39代后获得阿维菌素高抗品系Aba-R(593.8倍),该品系对茚虫威(12.3倍)表现出中等水平交互抗性,对多杀菌素(7.9倍)表现出低水平交互抗性,对溴虫腈(2.7倍)和氯虫苯甲酰胺(0.9倍)的交互抗性不明显;同时该品系对虫酰肼的抗性也由阿维菌素筛选前的185.5倍下降到筛选后的28.0倍,也没有交互抗性。基于上述研究结果认为,使用虫酰肼防治小菜蛾出现抗性后,可以使用多杀菌素和氯虫苯甲酰胺进行替代防治,但不宜用阿维菌素、茚虫威和溴虫腈进行替代防治;利用阿维菌素防治小菜蛾产生抗性后,可以用溴虫腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺和虫酰肼进行替代防治,但不宜用多杀菌素和茚虫威。     

2011年我国主要麦区小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮和苯锈啶的敏感性

 小麦白粉病(Wheat Powdery Mildew)是我国小麦生产上常发性病害之一^[1]。小麦白粉病的防治主要采用抗病品种和化学药剂,辅之以栽培措施的综合防治技术。由于目前生产上抗病品种相对缺乏,药剂防治成为我国小麦白粉病防治的主要措施之一^[2]。自20世纪80年代以来三唑类杀菌剂一直是我国防治小麦白粉病的主要药剂,由于长期、大范围、单一的使用导致小麦白粉病菌对三唑类杀菌剂的抗药性大大提高。监测结果表明,2009年我国小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮的平均抗性水平已经达到56.58倍,抗性频率达到99.09%,其中高抗菌株占49.09%^[3]。目前小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮的抗性形势十分严峻,寻找三唑类杀菌剂的替代药剂成为控制该病害的迫切需求。     

烟粉虱对螺虫乙酯的抗性监测及交互抗性测定

为明确螺虫乙酯在湖北地区的抗性水平以及与其存在潜在交互抗性风险的常用药剂类型,采用着卵叶片浸渍法,于2013年对湖北省13个烟粉虱MEAM1和MED隐种地理种群对螺虫乙酯的抗药性进行了监测,并以室内敏感品系SUD-S为参照,对经螺虫乙酯连续17代抗性筛选的WH-2种群进行了交互抗性分析。结果表明:湖北省13个烟粉虱地理种群对螺虫乙酯均表现出极低的抗性,LC50介于0.015~0.081 mg/L之间;其中MED隐种WH-2种群对螺虫乙酯的抗性最高,LC50为0.081 mg/L。在室内用螺虫乙酯对MED隐种WH-2种群连续17代抗性筛选后,其对螺虫乙酯的抗性倍数上升约7倍。经螺虫乙酯筛选的WH-2种群对吡虫啉、乙酰甲胺磷、灭多威、氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和氟啶虫胺腈均产生了低水平的交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为8.699、7.165、5.317、6.681、2.958、5.662倍,而对毒死蜱和阿维菌素无交互抗性。表明烟粉虱在湖北省部分地区对螺虫乙酯存在低水平抗性,且螺虫乙酯与部分常用杀虫剂存在交互抗性风险。     

柑橘全爪螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素的抗性选育及交互抗性

通过室内抗性品系选育,研究了柑橘全爪螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素的抗性发展情况,并就其与柑橘园常用11种杀螨剂的交互抗性进行了分析。结果表明:在柑橘全爪螨19代中用甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素分别不连续汰选16次和11次后,柑橘全爪螨对两者的抗性分别为29.92和3.80倍;甲氰菊酯抗性品系(FeR)对哒螨灵、三氯杀螨醇和三唑锡产生了明显的交互抗性,阿维菌素抗性品系(AbR)对甲维盐产生了明显的交互抗性。试验结果可为柑橘全爪螨抗性治理提供参考。     

Selection for imidacloprid resistance in silverleaf whiteflies from the Imperial Valley and development of a hydroponic bioassay for resistance monitoring

A field-collected population of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, was selected with the nicotinyl compound, imidacloprid, over 32 generations to determine if resistance would develop when maintained under continuous selection pressure in a greenhouse. Resistance was slow to increase at first with low to moderate levels of resistance (RR from 6- to 17-fold) in the first 15 generations of selection. Further selection steadily led to higher levels of resistance, with the greatest resistance ratio at 82-fold, the gradual rise suggesting the involvement of a polygenic system. At the end of the selection, slopes of probit regressions were substantially steeper than earlier, indicating increased homogeneity of imidacloprid resistance in this strain. A hydroponic bioassay featuring systemic uptake of imidacloprid through roots was developed to monitor the changes in resistance to imidacloprid in the selected whitefly strain and in seven field-collected strains from Imperial Valley, California. Six out of seven field-collected strains exhibited low LC₅₀ values (0·002 to 0·512 mg ml^-1) compared to the selected resistant strain, with one exception where the LC₅₀ was 0·926 mg ml^-1 (RR=15·0). Variation in responses to imidacloprid in the field strains suggest that this technique is sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in susceptibilities of whitefly populations. The imidacloprid-resistant strain showed no cross-resistance to endosulfan, chlorpyrifos or methomyl (RR ranging from 0·4- to 1·5-fold). A low level of cross-resistance was observed to bifenthrin in the IM-R strain at 7-fold. The success of selection for resistance to imidacloprid has serious implications for whitefly control programs that rely heavily on imidacloprid. ©1997 SCI     

不同抗性水平家蝇对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯等药剂的交互抗性研究

报道对辛硫磷和溴氰菊酯具有不同抗性水平的家蝇对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯及其他药剂的交互抗性情况和生化机制。处于高抗（R／S为625）和极高抗（R／S为547276）水平的抗溴氰菊酯家蝇、以及处于中抗（R／S为21．89）和高抗（R／S为310．72）水平的抗辛硫磷家蝇,对DDT及拟除虫菊酯类药剂均表现出明显的交互抗性;处于高抗和极高抗的抗溴氰菊酯家蝇以及处于中抗的抗干硫磷家蝇,对灭多威、abamectin及有机磷类药剂均不表现交互抗性;但处于高抗的抗辛硫磷家蝇则对有机磷类药剂表现出中等水平的交互抗性,对灭多威和abamectin无交互抗性。离休酶系分析结果表明,不同抗性水平家蝇的交互抗性情况不同,这与家蝇体内酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和乙酸胆碱酯酶的酶活或特性存在差异有关。