铜制剂及有机物料对土壤生化性状的影响

通过盆栽试验，研究了美国铜基杀菌剂Kocide2000（KCD）、新型波尔多液营养保护剂（BNPP）、传统波尔多液（BDM）、五水硫酸铜（CS）四种铜制剂及添加3％有机物料后对棕壤生化性质的影响。研究表明：铜制剂对土壤过氧化氢酶活性有刺激作用，而对脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均有显著抑制作用，尤以BDM对土壤酶活性的抑制率最强，高浓度处理下则未能检测出2种酶活性。施用铜制剂还显著影响了土壤的生物学指标，表现为土壤基础呼吸和代谢熵升高，微生物生物量碳降低。相关分析表明土壤的生物学指标和酶活性均与土壤有效铜呈显著性正相关或负相关。此外，铜制剂的施用增加了土壤中有效铜、锌（BDM除外）含量，而有效铁、锰含量降低。4种铜制剂中BDM对土壤生化性质的影响最大，其次是CS，BNPP与KCD对土壤的影响相当。增施有机物料可缓解铜制剂对土壤生物学和酶活性的影响，但能增加土壤有效态重金属的含量。     

德兴铜矿尾矿库植被重建后的土壤肥力状况和重金属污染初探

德兴铜矿是我国的超大型铜矿,尾矿砂的排放是其主要的环境问题之一,目前主要堆积于尾矿库中。1号尾矿库于1986年服役期满后共堆积矿砂2.15×107 m3,面积约210 hm2。20世纪90年代后期,在坝坡约30 hm2覆有客土的地区进行了一系列植被重建的试验研究工作,本文报道了1998年开始在旱稻(OryzaLinn.)、花生(Arachis Linn.)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioidesNash)和湿地松(Pinuselliottii Engelm.)等18种不同植被组合条件下的土壤基本农化性状(pH、有机质(OM)、铵态氮、速效P、速效K)以及0.05 mol L-1 HCl可提取态重金属在3~4年时间内的变化情况,结果表明,坝坡土壤N、P、K严重不足,且保水、保肥能力弱,需要不断地进行培肥和改良。三年多来,土壤pH总体上无显著变化;OM第三年有显著上升,约为第一年的127%;NH4 N成直线下降,第二年和第三年分别为第一年的72.9%和43.0%;随着耕作实践的推移,速效P和速效K显著上升,但仍旧处于较低水平。重金属(主要是Cu)污染严重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在植物中有明显积累。研究结果强调了试验区在植被重建中不宜种植食用植物,以避免食物链的污染。     

Contamination of Forest Soils in the Vicinity of the Sedimentation Pond after Zinc and Lead Ore Flotation (in the Region of Olkusz,Southern Poland)

In the technological processes of ore flotation in the non-ferrous metal industry flotation, tailings constitute up to 98% of the total of the processed material. They are stored in sedimentation ponds as fine-grained drift containing an excess of heavy metals, mainly zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. After the dehydration and drying up of the surface of sedimentation ponds, these metals are carried with dust by the wind and they are accumulated in the vicinity of the ponds in humus horizons of soils causing considerable degradation and even devastation. In this publication, we have presented the results of research on the negative influence of such a structure on the soils of an adjacent fragment of forest and its dependence on the distance from the sedimentation pond. The level of degradation of the soils under research has been assessed on the basis of changes and transformations of the morphological soil profiles, the level of alkalization and accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) in the topsoil layers and their translocation in the soil horizons. The following soils have been distinguished in the investigated area: Haplic Podzols distorted and degraded as well as Urbic Anthrosols. The acquired results have served to depict the spatial accumulation of these heavy metals in the topsoil layers. The highest accumulation of heavy metals and the degradation of the forest sites connected with it has occurred in the vicinity of a sedimentation pond drain channel. Soil remediation has been recommended in this area.     

两种矿山生态型香薷对铜的吸收、分布和积累特性研究

Two ecotypes of Elsholtzia, Elsholtzia splendens and E. argyi, are dominant plants growing on Cu and Pb-Zn smelters, respectively. Samples of the two ecotypes and the corresponding soils from fields of a copper mining area and a Pb-Zn mining area of Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed to investigate Cu or Zn tolerance of these two ecotypes. Effects of nine Cu levels (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 240 and 320 mg Cu L^-1 as CuSO₄·5H₂O) on growth and uptake, translocation and accumulation of Cu in these two ecotypes were examined in a solution culture experiment. The experimental results showed that dry weights (DW) of shoots and roots were depressed, and growth of E. splendens was less depressed than that of E. argyi when treated with ≥ 5 mg Cu L^-1. Concentrations of Cu in shoots of E. splendens and E. argyi exceeded 1 000 mg kg^-1 DW at ≥ 40 mg Cu L^-1. The maximum Cu accumulated in the shoots of Cu-treated E. splendens and E. argyi reached 101 and 142 μg plant^-1. Furthermore, analysis of plant samples from the fields showed that these two ecotypes can tolerant excess heavy metals and produced high dry matter, and E. splendens can accumulate 11.7 mg Cu plant^-1 grown on the Cu smelter. Therefore, E. splendens and E. argyi could be good plants for phytoremediation.     

植物修复对锰尾渣污染土壤特性的影响

采用盆栽法研究栽培美洲商陆和大豆进行植物修复后,锰尾渣污染土壤特性的变化。栽培美洲商陆和大豆可增加土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质。栽培植物后,土壤pH值变化不显著,但土壤磷酸酶、尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶和脱氢酶的活性都高于对照。栽培植物可影响土壤锰和镉的形态分布,降低土壤锰和镉总含量,减少土壤水溶性锰和镉含量。在锰尾渣污染区域,混种美洲商陆与大豆进行植物修复,改良土壤特性更佳。     

环境铜污染影响及修复的研究现状综述

综述了铜污染对不同生物（包括植物、动物、土壤微生物）影响的研究现状,指出了Cu污染对高等植物毒害作用的研究目前主要集中在对植物生长指标、光合作用、细胞结构、细胞分裂、酶系统和其他营养元素的吸收上;高Cu对高等动物毒害作用的研究非常多,目前主要集中在对动物生产性能、体内重要的铜酶、代谢酶及重要组织器官结构功能的影响;Cu污染对土壤微生物影响的研究主要集中在微生物量及微生物群落结构的变化。探讨了尽量减少铜污染和进行修复的措施。     

湖北省几种土壤的重金属镉、铜形态

研究了湖北省棕红壤、黄棕壤和和黄褐土中重金属镉、铜的形态差异，分析了重金属负荷水平对土壤重金属形态的影响，结果表明：未污染土壤中重金属镉、铜主要为氧化铁结合态和残渣态，占土壤重金属全量的75％以上；交换态镉含量与土壤pH呈负相关，从未污染土、污染土到镉质土，随土壤Cd负荷提高，土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的比例增大，有效地提高，残渣态、氧化铁结合态镉的比例降低，土壤中铜有相似的变化趋势。     

脱氢枞胺水杨醛类席夫碱(Schiff Bases)对铜离子萃取性能的研究

合成5种脱氢枞胺水杨醛类Schiff碱,对其萃取铜离子的影响因素进行研究,并与萃取剂N902对电镀废水中铜离子的萃取性能进行了比较.结果表明:萃取温度和萃取时间对铜离子萃取率的影响不明显,萃取温度在20～30 ℃、萃取时间为2 h就能达到萃取平衡;大部分Schiff碱在低pH范围内对铜离子的萃取效果不理想,在高pH范围内有较好的萃取性能.DHAA 2,3,4-三羟基苯甲醛的萃取效果与N902相当.     

电液伺服振动在电解铜打包生产线上的应用研究

本论述了电液伺服振动台在电解铜打包生产线应用的可行性，电液伺服振动台与机械振动台、电气振动台相比的优点以及它的工作原理和振动台整个系统的建模。     

高铜日粮及补硒对瘦肉型生长肥育猪生长性能及组织结构的影响

选用35日龄杜施杂1代断奶仔猪40头,随机分成4组进行高铜及补硒试验.结果表明,Cu 125 ppm+Se 0.3 ppm(Ⅱ组)效果最佳,日增重比 Cu 4.36 ppm+Se 0.3 ppm(Ⅰ组)约提高15.9%(P<0.05);全期耗料较Ⅰ组下降12.6%.Cu 250 ppm+Se 0.3 ppm(Ⅲ组)与Ⅰ组的日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),耗料较Ⅰ组下降8.0%.但Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组日增重差异不显著(P>0.05).补 Cu250 ppm 不加 Se(Ⅳ组)与Ⅲ组相比,日增重约减少27.2%(P<0.01),耗料则较Ⅲ组高23.7%.屠体组织切片观察表明,添加高剂量铜(125或250 ppm)对机体组织均不产生病变,但各组的骨骼肌纤维粗细与十二指肠杯状细胞大小有明显的不同,均为Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅳ.