Seasonal changes of mineral nutrients and phenolics in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit

Pomegranate fruit is an important source of potentially healthy bioactive compounds and mineral nutrients. Changes in total phenolic compound, concentrations, and levels of macronutrients (P, K, N, Mg, Ca and Na) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B) in arils and peel of pomegranate fruit were recorded from 10 days after full bloom until harvest. Total phenolics levels increased at early stage of growth both in peel and arils of fruit, but thereafter generally decreased during maturation and reached to 3.70 and 50.22 mg g⁻¹ of dry weight in arils and peel, respectively, at harvest. The amount of total phenolics in peel was markedly higher than arils of pomegranate fruit. The concentration of most elements in arils and peel decreased during fruit growth and development. At harvest the relative order of concentration of macronutrients both in arils and peel was K > N > Ca > P > Mg > Na. The concentration of most micronutrients was greater in the arils than in the peel especially in early season. The relative order of concentration of micronutrients in arils was B > Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn. The accumulation of all the macro- and microelement within the fruit also increased during fruit growth and development. These results provide important data on total phenolics and macro- and micronutrient changes during fruit growth and development, emphasizing that pomegranate fruit can be a good source of bioactive compounds and minerals.     

硝、铵态氮肥对旱地土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

用静态箱法在田间研究了黄土性土壤不同水分条件下施用硝态氮肥和铵态氮肥后土壤N2O的排放特点,并对包括温度、pH、水分等因子的影响进行了探讨.结果表明:在水分含量为田间持水量的90%和70%的条件下,铵态氮肥处理土壤的平均N2O排放量分别为233.6±165.4 μg/(m2·h)和166.4±153.3 μg/(m2·h);而施用硝态氮肥时则仅为75±40.2 μg/(m2·h)和49.27±17.0 μg/(m2·h).施肥后短期内,铵态氮肥排放的N2O量显著高于硝态氮肥处理,由此可说明黄土性土壤表层土壤N2O的主要来源是土壤氮的硝化过程.在自然矿化条件下黄土性土壤N2O的排放量约为17.0 μg/(m2·h).如果把两个水分处理相比较,土壤水分对铵态氮肥处理土壤N2O的排放影响不明显,而对施用硝态氮肥的土壤有明显影响,高水分处理更利于土壤反硝化作用的进行从而增加了土壤N2O的排放量.施用不同肥料种类在施肥后短期内影响土壤的pH值和有效NO-3-N、NH 4-N含量,而反过来土壤水分含量、土壤pH以及土壤温度均不同程度地影响着土壤N2O的产生和排放.     

水分胁迫下不同抗旱类型大豆叶片气孔特性变化研究

采用火棉胶印膜法,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对不同抗旱类型大豆叶片气孔特性的影响.结果表明:经水分胁迫的大豆叶片气孔密度增加,气孔开口大小和单位叶面积气孔相对面积减小.但不同抗旱类型大豆品种间表现不同,气孔密度变化幅度大小顺序依次为:弱抗品种(A3)＞中抗品种(A2)＞抗旱品种(A1),调节气孔开张能力大小顺序依次为:抗旱品种(A1)＞中抗品种(A2)＞弱抗品种(A3).     

几种生长调节剂对四翅滨藜全光喷雾扦插效果的影响

四翅滨藜全光照喷雾嫩枝扦插试验结果表明:采用NAA、ABT 2号生根粉、IBA等3种外源植物生长调节剂处理插条2 h,对插条具有良好的促根作用,其中100 mg/L NAA为最好,生根率可达到93.6%;100 mg/LABT2号生根粉和100 mg/L IBA次之,生根率分别可以达到92.6%,92.3%.     

木豆在干热河谷退化山地的生态适应性研究

2000年木豆(Cajanus cajan(L.)Millspaugh)引入云南省元谋干热河谷地区,观测其物候特征、生长适应性、抗旱适应性、抗光热适应性等植物学指标,以了解其对干热退化山地的整体生态适应性.结果表明,木豆能适应干热河谷的退化山地生长环境,其生长势优于原产地,表现出明显的速生性;木豆的抗光热能力较强,能适应于热河谷的不同光照及高温环境,但温度高于37℃,则光合作用停止;木豆的抗旱能力较强,能够通过不同的生理适应性度过旱季,完成其生长周期.木豆适应于干热河谷的生态环境,利用价值较大,是干热河谷退化山地治理与开发的优选灌木.     

不同水分状况下秸秆覆盖量对玉米根、冠生长的影响

在遮雨棚控水条件下,采用盆栽的方式研究了不同秸秆覆盖量对玉米根、冠生长的影响.试验按对照(CK)和秸秆覆盖量0.3 kg/m2(SM0.3)、0.6 kg/m2(SM0.6)、0.9 kg/m2(SM0.9)、1.2 kg/m2.(SM1.2)共设5个处理,水分按高水(占田间持水量的90%)和低水(占田间持水量的60%)设两个水平.分别测定了玉米根、茎、叶、穗干重,根系垂直空间分布及叶片叶绿素相对含量等指标.结果表明:秸秆覆盖明显改变了玉米根系和地上部分的生长;高水条件下SM0.6处理玉米根系、茎秆、叶和穗干重均高于其它处理;低水条件下,地上部分干重SM1.2最大,SM0.6次之;根系的垂直空间分布与水分和覆盖条件都有密切的关系,覆盖措施主要影响下层根系的生长和发育.     

强化栽培条件下干湿灌溉对水稻生长的影响

在中国水稻研究所试验场研究了强化栽培条件下干湿灌溉对水稻生长的影响.结果表明:在强化栽培条件下采取干湿灌溉处理,在返青期、分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗开花期比对照分别节水1.4%、12.4%、9.0%和11.2%;水分生产效率达0.93 kg/m3,比CK处理提高34.2%;干4～5 d之后,再复水4～5 d,土壤氧化还原电位循环变化,有利于提高土壤氧化还原电位,改善土壤的通气状况,提高根系活力,促进大穗,穗粒致明显增加,单产平均提高6.9%.     

干旱地区区域内部洪水资源调配研究——以天津市南北水系沟通工程为例

依据历史水文数据和区域水资源现状,阐述了20世纪以来天津市湿地萎缩的趋势和成因,论述了该地区进行汛期洪水资源存储的必要性和可能性。实施境内区域水资源的优化调配,建设南北水系沟通工程引北部富余雨洪水南调入北大港水库,是天津市洪水资源利用体系的重要组成部分。基于Newton-Raphson方法和松弛算法建立一维河网非恒定流水动力学模型,对西线调水工程拟建路线和30 m3/s和50 m3/s两种方案进行数值计算,结果表明:该工程线路可以实现自流调水,调水过程平稳且线路沿程控制水位较低。分析工程实施对环境影响,通过加强水质监测、合理选择调水时机、及时修复施工所占用土地等措施,可减弱工程对环境的不良影响。     

梭梭幼苗根系分泌物提取方法的研究

为了探讨梭梭根系分泌物中的化学成分,本文采用水浸提取和循环灌溉两种方法对梭梭幼苗根系分泌物进行收集和提取,结合气相色谱-质谱联用分析技术,分析梭梭幼苗根系分泌物中组分和含量的差异。实验结果表明:循环灌溉收集的梭梭幼苗根系分泌物中检测到35种化合物,包括酚醌类、醛酮类、醇类、酸类、脂类和胺类化合物;硅烷化处理后,主要增加部分强极性有机酸,如苯甲酸。水浸提取梭梭幼苗根系分泌物的中性相组分共检测出27种化合物,但未检测到酚醌类化合物;碱性相组分共检测出23种化合物,醛酮类化合物种类减少,烷烃类化合物种类增加;酸性相组分中仅检测到10种化合物,以醇类化合物为主,占检出化合物总量的72.62%。收集梭梭幼苗根系分泌物循环灌溉是一种有效的方法。     

Can the occurrence of Senecio jacobaea be influenced by management practice?

Senecio jacobaea is a poisonous weed in grasslands of various countries (e.g. Great Britain, New Zealand, Central European states) and the further spread of the species into farmland must be prevented. To assess the influence of management practice and site conditions on the occurrence of S. jacobaea, we conducted a survey in the northern and central part of Switzerland. Botanical assessments were carried out on grassland plots with S. jacobaea occurrence and on neighbour plots without S. jacobaea. For these plots, we analysed the soil nutrients and the details of management practice, such as type and intensity of management and fertiliser application. The most important factors influencing the occurrence of S. jacobaea were related to management: There was a high risk for the occurrence of the species on parcels with low nitrogen fertilisation, continuous‐extensive grazing (set stocking) and a very open sward. Senecio jacobaea was not present in intensively managed meadows cut more than twice per year. As an exception, with a high propagule pressure from the vicinity, S. jacobaea was also found in intensively grazed pastures and in meadows of moderate management intensity (two cuts). We conclude that long‐term control of S. jacobaea can best be achieved by avoiding sward damage and by preventing the species’ seed formation in the pasture and local vicinity.