澳大利亚社区农园的发展及其对我国的启示

在一些发达国家,社区农园向人们提供了接触自然、放松身心的场所,已受到越来越多市民的喜欢。而我国社区农园的发展仍处于探索期,借鉴国外社区农园对于我国社区农园的发展有很大的裨益。对澳大利亚社区花园的发展状况进行了详细介绍。以三个分别位于居住区、校园、公园的社区花园为例,根据案例分析社区农园对孤独人群、老年人、儿童、残疾人这些弱势群体带来的益处,阐明其对人们身心健康的改善以及对社会可持续发展的重大意义。文末根据澳大利亚社区农园发展的成功经验和我国城市发展的现状,提出我国建设社区农园需要面临的挑战。     

湖北省宜都野生楠木资源调查

【目的】了解湖北省宜都市的野生楠木资源分布状况、种群结构及其群落特征。【方法】采用样方法分别在宜都市的王家畈镇、聂家河镇和潘家湾乡对楠木资源分布集中地段进行野外实地调查,并记录其生境条件和群落特征。【结果】调查区内发现野生楠木类植物计264株,楠属植物3种,分别为竹叶楠Phoebe faberi、桢楠P.zhennan、湘楠P.hunanensis;润楠属植物4种,分别为润楠Machilus pingii、宜昌润楠M.ichangensis、华润楠M.chinensis、刨花润楠M.pauhoi,其中华润楠、刨花润楠初步确定为宜都市新分布记录种。楠木较多分布在山地比较潮湿的阴坡,坡度为30°~40°,坡位为中坡位和下坡位,海拔在710 m左右,群落类型为常绿或落叶阔叶林的生境条件下,其楠木类植物群落的维管束植物共有71种,隶属41科60属,以樟科和蔷薇科植物比较多,被子植物中双子叶植物占有绝对的优势,高位芽植物在群落中的比重最大。【结论】该调查区内的润楠属植物种群年龄结构相比楠属更合理,大致呈稳定型,而楠属植物种群年龄结构大致呈衰退型。探讨了样地野生楠木数量及群落结构特征,为其天然林保护及种质资源保存提供理论依据,同时对城市景观树种的配置有着重要意义。     

川西林盘植物群落结构历史变化特征分析——以成都市郫都区为例

林盘是川西平原地区一种极具特色的传统农村聚落形态,具有突出的农业文化遗产价值。植被是构成林盘的核心要素,了解植物群落的历史变化过程可以为传统林盘的保护工作提供科学依据。本研究首先通过查阅历史资料掌握传统林盘植物群落的结构特征,然后选取成都市郫都区4个林盘样地和3个灌渠边林地进行植物群落调查,从而比较不同时期林盘植物群落结构。调查结果显示,目前林盘植物群落结构发生的主要变化包括乔木层中的传统优势种杉木、楠木及柏树被黑壳楠取代,林盘植被趋向单一化;竹类的物种丰富度下降明显,竹林退化严重;灌渠林地中桤木及柏树被枫杨和构树取代,竹类基本消失。川西平原地区社会和经济的变迁破坏了传统农业系统中人口、耕地和林盘之间的平衡,从而导致了林盘植被群落结构的改变。     

阿魏酸对2种野生杜鹃种子萌发的化感作用

为探究化感物质阿魏酸对马缨杜鹃和露珠杜鹃种子萌发的化感作用,本研究采用不同浓度阿魏酸分别处理马缨杜鹃和露珠杜鹃种子,利用单因素方差对其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和化感指数进行差异性分析.结果表明:阿魏酸显著抑制马缨杜鹃和露珠杜鹃种子的萌发,对2种杜鹃种子的抑制作用随浓度的增加而增加.阿魏酸对马缨杜鹃和露珠杜鹃种子均具有显著的化感作用,化感效应的最强浓度为1 000 μg/mL.     

布氏乳杆菌和甲酸对青藏高原不同物候期燕麦青贮饲料发酵品质和细菌群落的影响

为探讨布氏乳杆菌和甲酸对青藏高原不同物候期燕麦（Avena sativa L.）青贮饲料发酵品质和细菌群落的影响，本试验以开花期、乳熟期和蜡熟期燕麦为原料，设置对照、添加甲酸和添加布氏乳杆菌3个处理，青贮90 d后，测定其营养成分、发酵指标和细菌群落组成。结果表明：布氏乳杆菌和甲酸处理均改变不同物候期燕麦青贮饲料中细菌群落组成（P<0.05），并提高其乳酸细菌相对丰富度；与对照相比，用布氏乳杆菌和甲酸处理不同物候期的燕麦青贮后，蜡熟期的燕麦pH值降低（P<0.05），乙酸均增加9.7%，丙酸分别降低11.6%和8.6%，氨态氮分别降低11.3%和19.2%。综合细菌群落组成、发酵品质和营养成分来看，蜡熟期的燕麦添加布氏乳杆菌和甲酸后，其青贮品质较佳。     

半干旱区农田杂草的生活史对策研究

2008-2009年通过利用当地常见的10种杂草种植于不同处理的农田,研究半干早区农田杂草群落结构以及10种杂草群落组分种对环境因子的响应,结果表明,1)同一物种在不同的气候环境下,可以表现出不同的生活史策略.蝇虫实、田旋花和金荞麦2008年生活史策略分别具有竟争型(C)对策属性、胁迫忍耐型(S)对策属性和中间型(C-...     

Environmental stress response limits microbial necromass contributions to soil organic carbon

The majority of dead organic material enters the soil carbon pool following initial incorporation into microbial biomass. The decomposition of microbial necromass carbon (C) is, therefore, an important process governing the balance between terrestrial and atmospheric C pools. We tested how abiotic stress (drought), biotic interactions (invertebrate grazing) and physical disturbance influence the biochemistry (C:N ratio and calcium oxalate production) of living fungal cells, and the subsequent stabilization of fungal-derived C after senescence. We traced the fate of ¹³C-labeled necromass from ‘stressed’ and ‘unstressed’ fungi into living soil microbes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total soil carbon and respired CO₂. All stressors stimulated the production of calcium oxalate crystals and enhanced the C:N ratios of living fungal mycelia, leading to the formation of ‘recalcitrant’ necromass. Although we were unable to detect consistent effects of stress on the mineralization rates of fungal necromass, a greater proportion of the non-stressed (labile) fungal necromass C was stabilised in soil. Our finding is consistent with the emerging understanding that recalcitrant material is entirely decomposed within soil, but incorporated less efficiently into living microbial biomass and, ultimately, into stable SOC.     

Contrasting development of soil microbial community structure under no-tilled perennial and tilled cropping during early pedogenesis of a Mollisol

A range of agricultural practices influence soil microbial communities, such as tillage and organic C inputs, however such effects are largely unknown at the initial stage of soil formation. Using an eight-year field experiment established on exposed parent material (PM) of a Mollisol, our objectives were to: (1) to determine the effects of field management and soil depth on soil microbial community structure; (2) to elucidate shifts in microbial community structure in relation to PM, compared to an arable Mollisol (MO) without organic amendment; and (3) to identify the controlling factors of such changes in microbial community structure. The treatments included two no-tilled soils supporting perennial crops, and four tilled soils under the same cropping system, with or without chemical fertilization and crop residue amendment. Principal component (PC) analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles demonstrated that microbial community structures were affected by tillage and/or organic and inorganic inputs via PC1 and by land use and/or soil depth via PC2. All the field treatments were separated by PM into two groups via PC1, the tilled and the no-tilled soils, with the tilled soils more developed towards MO. The tilled soils were separated with respect to MO via PC1 associated with the differences in mineral fertilization and the quality of organic amendments, with the soils without organic amendment being more similar to MO. The separations via PC1 were principally driven by bacteria and associated with soil pH and soil C, N and P. The separations via PC2 were driven by fungi, actinomycetes and Gram (−) bacteria, and associated with soil bulk density. The separations via both PC1 and PC2 were associated with soil aggregate stability and exchangeable K, indicating the effects of weathering and soil aggregation. The results suggest that in spite of the importance of mineral fertilization and organic amendments, tillage and land-use type play a significant role in determining the nature of the development of associated soil microbial community structures at the initial stages of soil formation.     

2006—2014 年民勤4 种典型荒漠群落结构 及物种多样性变化研究

根据2006—2014 年民勤荒漠植物4 个样区36 个样方调查数据，对该区沙蒿、梭梭、麻黄和白刺4种典型荒漠植物群落结构及物种多样性进行分析。结果表明：该区群落结构简单，物种相对单一且数量较少，植物都是以较低的芽位适应生境条件；灌木层物种的变化不大，草本层物种有所增加；多样性指数沙蒿群落、梭梭群落和白刺群落的略有增加，而麻黄群落略有减小；该区群落结构和物种多样性的变化主要由于草本层的物种变化引起。了解和掌握民勤荒漠植物群落的结构和物种多样性变化规律，对于推动干旱荒漠区植被恢复和物种多样性的保护提供依据。