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浅论生态补偿制度建立及原理 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
生态补偿是为防止生态资源配置扭曲,通过制度设计来修正发展平衡的问题。本文简要介绍了生态补偿的由来,分析了生态补偿的公共产品、外部效应和生态资本三大理论基础,回顾了中国生态补偿工作开展的情况,对建立生态补偿机制进出了一些建议。 相似文献
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The T'OLCHE' is a protected forest belt about 10–20 m wide that runs through the Mayan landscape on the limits of the maize fields of the farmers. This study explores its traditional use and management and traces how it has changed in the last 30 years in the study village in Yucatán, Mexico. A major change is in its extent; little remains of the 10–20% of the area it occupied in the past. Two of the causes of this are identified as being a credit programme of the local bank and 1973 state legislation concerning cattle. The causes and consequences of this decline are discussed in relation with other farmer-perceived changes in overall landuse, including a fall in maize yields. The ecological roles of the T'OLCHE' are examined. It is argued that the T'OLCHE' plays an essential role in the regeneration of the fallow vegetation and in the maintenance of biological diversity. The case of the T'OLCHE' suggests the need for a diversified and politicized look on Common Property Resource Management. 相似文献
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The effects of replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality,chemical composition and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage in Tibet 下载免费PDF全文
Lei Chen Gang Guo Chengqun Yu Jie Zhang Masataka Shimojo Tao Shao 《Animal Science Journal》2015,86(1):69-76
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage in Tibet. Four TMR that varied in the forage sources on dry matter basis were used: (i) 52% whole‐plant corn (Control); (ii) 43% oat + 12% common vetch (OC3.6); (iii) 38% oat + 18% common vetch (OC2.2); and (iv) 33% oat + 23% common vetch (OC1.5). Silos were opened on day 45 and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 12 days. The results showed that all silages were well preserved with low pH and NH3‐N, and high lactic acid and V‐scores. With the increasing proportion of common vetch, crude protein, ether extract increased (P < 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05). Under aerobic conditions, treated silages were more stable than the control silage as indicated by lower (P < 0.05) pH and yeast population. It was concluded that replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch had no unfavorable effects on the fermentation quality and improved crude protein content and aerobic stability of TMR silage. OC2.2 silage was the best among three treated TMR silages. 相似文献
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针对紫云英联合收获物料组分构成复杂及其小差异混杂特性,使其在分离清选作业过程中存在高含杂、多损失等问题,提出“先筛分、再气流清”的作业模式,设计了紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机,并对喂料斗出口处料层厚度调节机构、筛分装置、集杂除尘装置等关键部件进行了设计选型与参数计算。基于DEM-CFD耦合数值模拟方法,确定了物料层调节厚度、筛分装置驱振振幅和吸杂管道风量调节手柄挡位等主要影响因素合理的取值范围,运用Minitab进行正交试验设计,以籽粒清洁率和夹带总损失率为响应值,得到影响紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机作业质量的最优因素参数组合:物料层调节厚度为16.8mm、筛分装置驱振振幅为35mm、吸杂管道风量调节手柄在挡位5,此时,籽粒清洁率均值为98.07%,夹带总损失率均值为2.96%,试验结果满足设计要求。 相似文献
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Abstract In an attempt to identify appropriate feeding rates for multispecies of fish raised in fertilized earthen ponds, the present work was conducted over a 19‐week experimental period to establish the growth performance, production and body composition of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp fed 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0% biomass and to apparent satiation (treatments). Twelve ponds were stocked with a similar number and weight of each fish species. Two ponds were assigned to each of the treatments, and a 25% protein pelleted fish feed was used to feed fish at the specified rate of feeding. At the end of the experiment, growth, weight gain, survival, yield and body composition of fish groups were affected by the treatments. The economic effectiveness also varied among treatments. The most conspicuous attribute of the feeding rates was its lack of influence on growth (g day?1), weight gain (g per fish), yield (kg ha?1) or body composition of silver carp. The results of whole‐body proximate analysis indicated that various feeding rates had either an irregular pattern or no effects on the protein and ash gain per 100 g of fish body weight (bw) gain. The most notable exceptions were significant (P < 0.05) increases in body fat and gross energy gains in Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp accompanied by decreases in percentages of moisture (but not in silver carp) as feeding rate increased. Among the six different feeding levels, feeding to apparent satiation (feed amount was equivalent to 2.67% of fish bw day?1) appeared to be optimal, as it significantly (P < 0.05) supported the highest fish production, income and net profit compared with all other treatments except for the 3% feeding level, for which the differences in those measurements were comparable. 相似文献
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Adriana Vella Sinéad Murphy Joan Giménez Renaud de Stephanis Barbara Mussi Joseph G. Vella Kamel Larbi Doukara Daniela Silvia Pace 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(Z1):110-136
- Preservation of endangered species is now recognized as a relevant component of regional and global conservation actions achieved through the maintenance of the remaining populations in a favourable conservation status. The Mediterranean common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) is listed as an Endangered subpopulation in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, with declining numbers in some of the areas where it has been studied for numerous years. Prey depletion, fisheries bycatch, pollution, health risks, and climate change are among the recognized threats that the species is facing in the region.
- The existing national, regional, and international legislation pertinent to Mediterranean countries should aid greater science–policy–management integration and support innovative research and monitoring towards effective conservation. The challenges inherent in studying the pelagic D. delphis should not preclude the use of long-term, year-round, multiplatform surveys, side by side with the latest molecular tools, which aid our understanding of its populations' genetic diversity, resistance to diseases, and resilience in a semi-enclosed fast-changing sea.
- Addressing the multiplicity of problems confronting the species requires collaborative effort at all levels to share and merge resources, data, and expertise more efficiently. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the Mediterranean common dolphin, the main threats, and knowledge gaps that are priorities for addressing its conservation, while providing clear recommendations for effectively safeguarding the species and its habitat at both local and regional levels.
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为了研究水稻联合收割机收获紫云英种子的应用效果,对比分析了机械收种和人工收种两种方法的种子产量、劳动效率、收割成本和经济效益。结果表明,与传统人工收种方法相比,机械收种降低了紫云英种子的损失率,比人工收种产量增加了92.7 kg/hm2,增幅为16.3%;提高了劳动效率,一台收割机一天收获的紫云英种子数量相当于18~20人一天的收种量;节约了紫云英留种生产的劳动成本,提高了紫云英种子生产的经济效益,采用机械收获紫云英种子比人工收种直接降低劳动成本2 175~3 000元/hm2,增加经济收入3 307~4 099元/hm2。该技术的推广应用对缓解南方稻区紫云英种子的短缺问题以及加快紫云英绿肥作物的发展具有重要的作用。 相似文献