烟草青枯病内生拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效测定

 植物体内的大量微生物,在进化的过程中,由于长期生活在植物特定部位,因而与植物形成了一种特殊的关系,这些微生物在植物体内大量繁殖和扩散,有望成为生物防治有潜力的微生物。内生细菌是植物体内大量存在的微生物之一,具有在植株体内分布广、定殖能力强、防效好以及增殖和扩散快等优点,因而成为发展前景很好的植物病害生防菌。     

Complementary host–pathogen genetic analyses of the role of fumonisins in the Zea mays–Gibberella moniliformis interaction

Zea mays often is colonized with the fungus Gibberella moniliformis, which produces fumonisin toxins. The role of fumonisins in seedling colonization and blight was studied using complementary genetic analyses of host and pathogen. Only one of two fumonisin B1 (FB1)-insensitive maize backcross lines was more resistant than the FB1-sensitive parent to seedling blight, indicating that the increase in FB1-insensitivity was not associated with an increase in resistance. FB1-producing and nonproducing isogenic fungal strains did not differ in ability to cause seedling blight, but the FB1-producing strain was more effective in systemic colonization of seedlings in reciprocal strain challenge tests. Together, these and previous results indicate that the role of fumonisins depends on complex environmental and genetic contexts in this host–pathogen interaction.     

抗香蕉枯萎病菌拮抗菌的鉴定及其定殖

通过逐步提高药物浓度方法,获得了抗利福平400μg/ml、对香蕉枯萎病菌拮抗活性稳定的T2WF和W10标记菌株。初步确定两菌株为芽孢杆菌属细菌。采用灌根接种法,在香蕉苗根际土和香蕉苗体内定殖结果表明,拮抗菌液接种浓度为5×104cfu/ml,两菌株均可从香蕉根际土和香蕉体内分离到,并在香蕉体内定殖和传导。在香蕉根际土、根部、球茎和假茎中,T2WF标记菌的菌量高峰分别出现在接种后5、5、11和3d,分别为707、437、273、117cfu/mg;而W10标记菌的菌量高峰分别出现在接种后5、3、5和5d,分别为784、260、253、110cfu/mg。两菌株在香蕉根际土和香蕉体内1~15d的消长动态均有一个共同的“由升到降”趋势。从数量和数量变动幅度上看,香蕉根部的菌量明显高于茎部的菌量。     

油菜内生生防菌BY-2在油菜体内的定殖与对油菜菌核病的防治作用

 从油菜植株体内分离出的内生细菌BY-2,经过生物学鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。用BY-2回接油菜,重新分离到具有BY-2相同形态特征和抑制病原真菌能力的内生菌株。油菜接种后的第10 d,体内的BY-2菌数达(2.24~9.02)×10³ cfu/g鲜植株,25 d仍然保持在(3.13~8.59)×10³ cfu/g鲜植株。BY-2与油菜核盘菌[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.) de Bary]对峙培养可以形成直径为3.1 cm的抑菌圈;可使油菜核盘菌菌丝细胞浓缩变短,细胞壁破裂,原生质外溢,从而抑制真菌生长发育;同时还能抑制菌核的萌发,抑制率达60%~70%;在油菜离体叶片试验中,BY-2对菌核病的防治效果达100%。     

Stimulation of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue of goats and its effect on in vitro colonization by Pasteurella haemolytica

Twenty goats of about 7 months of age were divided into five groups. The goats in groups 1 and 2 were exposed once, using an intranasal spray to 2 ml of an inoculum containing 10⁶ colony-forming units/ml of living or dead Pasteurella haemolytica A2, respectively. The goats in groups 3 and 4 were similarly exposed twice at a 2-week interval. Group 5 was the untreated control. The number and size of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in goats exposed twice to either living or dead organisms were significantly (p>0.05) increased compared with those exposed once and with the unexposed control. In vitro colonization by living P. haemolytica A2 onto the lung tissue in which the BALT had been stimulated by two exposures of either living or dead organisms was significantly (p>0.05) reduced. The study indicates that stimulation of the respiratory mucosal immunity may prevent P. haemolytica A2 infection.     

丁酸梭菌对肉鸡肠道短链脂肪酸含量和菌群多样性的影响

【目的】 探究丁酸梭菌在肉鸡消化道内的定植能力以及丁酸梭菌对肉鸡肠道短链脂肪酸含量和菌群多样性的影响。【方法】 选择90只健康状况良好的1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡,随机均分为空白组和丁酸梭菌组,每组3个重复,每个重复15只鸡。空白组灌喂生理盐水,丁酸梭菌组灌服荧光标记的丁酸梭菌,3 h及16日龄进行解剖并采集回肠上皮细胞观察荧光情况。随后另外选择30只健康状况良好的1日龄雏鸡,随机分为对照组和试验组,试验组1~6 d饲喂含丁酸梭菌的饲粮,之后饲喂基础饲粮,对照组全程饲喂基础饲粮,试验期21 d。在16和21日龄时,分别采集回肠和盲肠中段内容物,测定乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、己酸和总短链脂肪酸含量,并进行微生物种类、物种丰度比例、菌属以及蛋白功能丰度等差异分析。【结果】 3 h及16日龄丁酸梭菌组回肠上皮细胞周围均呈现出荧光现象,表明丁酸梭菌能够定植于消化道上皮细胞。短链脂肪酸含量测定结果显示,与对照组相比,在肉鸡回肠内容物中,试验组16日龄乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸含量均极显著增加（P<0.01）;21日龄丙酸、异戊酸和戊酸含量均极显著增加（P<0.01）,乙酸、异丁酸和总短链脂肪酸含量均显著增加（P<0.05）;在盲肠内容物中,试验组16日龄肉鸡丁酸和戊酸含量均极显著增加（P<0.01）,异戊酸和己酸含量显著增加（P<0.05）;21日龄丁酸和异戊酸均极显著增加（P<0.01）,乙酸、异丁酸、己酸和总短链脂肪酸均显著增加（P<0.05）。门水平上微生物种类分析发现,16日龄样本中厚壁菌门为优势菌群,丰度最高;21日龄样本中微生物种类增多,其中变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门为优势菌群,丰度较高,16和21日龄试验组的优势菌群均高于对照组。物种丰度比例分析结果显示,与对照组相比,16日龄试验组厌氧菌属的物种丰度比例显著增加（P<0.05）,而去氟球菌属、丛毛单胞菌属、肠杆菌属等7种菌属的物种丰度比例显著降低（P<0.05）;21日龄试验组铁杆菌属、毛球菌属等6种菌属的物种丰度比例显著增加（P<0.05）,变形菌属、浮霉菌属、装甲菌门GP5的物种丰度属显著降低（P<0.05）。菌属差异分析结果显示,16日龄试验组起重要作用的微生物是布劳特氏菌属,对照组起重要作用的微生物是梭状芽孢杆菌属和未分类毛螺旋菌属;21日龄试验组起重要作用的微生物是未分类拟杆菌、毛球菌属、乳酸杆菌目、乳球菌属等,对照组起重要作用的微生物是诺兰克酸杆菌GP4、丛毛单胞菌科等。菌群蛋白功能丰度分析结果显示,16日龄试验组甲基受体趋化性蛋白、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、氨基酸转移酶亚基A的丰度均高于对照组,21日龄试验组ECF亚家族RNA聚合酶δ-70因子、丙氨酸的丰度均高于对照组。【结论】 丁酸梭菌可以在肉鸡回肠上皮细胞中定植;丁酸梭菌可增加肠道内容物中短链脂肪酸含量、微生物种类及有益菌属,提高物种丰度及功能蛋白丰度,从而促进肠道功能发挥。     

Functional compatibility of two arbuscular mycorrhizae with thirteen fruit trees in Senegal

Functional compatibility between thirteen tropical fruit trees (Afzelia africana Smith., Adansonia digitata L., Aphania senegalensis Radlk., Anacardium occidentale L., Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redhead, Dialium guineensis Wild., Landolphia heudelottii A.DC., Sclerocarya birrea (A.Roch.) Hochst., Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon and four reference hosts Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.), Tamarindus indica L. and Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.) and two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus aggregatum Schenck and Smith emend. Schenck and Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith), was investigated. Marked differences were found between them in terms of mycorrhizal formation, root colonization, relative mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) and phosphorus concentrations in shoot tissues. A. africana, L. heudelottii and S. senegalensis did not form symbiotic associations, and the growth of A. africana decreased following mycorrhizal inoculation, while L. heudelottii and S. senegalensis showed no dependency. In contrast, A. digitata, A. senegalensis, A. occidentale, B. aegyptiaca and S. birrea were well colonized with AMF, but did not significantly increase in biomass production. Five fruit trees did, however, show dependency by a positive interaction with G. aggregatum, the most effective AMF. Z. mauritiana was found to be very highly dependent (RMD > 75%), T. indica was highly dependent (50–75% RMD), and D. guineensis, P. biglobosa and C. pinnata were moderately dependent (25–50% RMD). Phosphorus absorption probably contributed to this dependency more than the absorption of potassium. These results indicate that some tropical fruit trees do derive benefits from AM inoculation, while others do not.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

褐腐初期南方松木材微观形貌与化学成分分析

  目的  探究褐腐初期,腐朽菌定植对木材颜色、微观形貌以及化学成分的影响,为进一步探究木材褐腐初期降解机理提供理论基础。  方法  对南方松边材进行不同时长的密黏褶菌腐朽处理,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜对腐朽材的微观结构进行表征,探究褐腐菌进入木材内部的通道。同时,利用色差仪、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线能谱表征木材在不同腐朽阶段的质量损失、颜色变化、化学成分、官能团变化和结晶度变化等。  结果  腐朽过程中木材明度降低,总色差增加,整体上有偏红褐色的趋势。菌丝通过射线薄壁细胞、纹孔和管胞等细胞结构进入木材内部,并于褐腐20 d内基本完成初期定植。褐腐初期质量损失主要是由半纤维素降解导致,而纤维素降解缓慢。此时,纤维素结晶区的晶格间距降低（3.962 ?）,相对结晶度增至最大（47.02%）,阻碍了对褐腐菌的降解,因而此后木材质量损失增速减缓。  结论  在南方松木材的褐腐初期,菌丝通过纹孔、射线薄壁细胞和管胞等结构进入木材,细胞壁中的半纤维素优先严重降解,结晶纤维素的晶格间距减小且相对结晶度增加,这一理论研究有助于进一步探究木材的初期褐腐降解机理,同时为木材防腐保护提供理论基础。      

具毒死蜱降解功能的水稻内生菌降解特性及应用

为挖掘毒死蜱降解内生菌资源、强化功能内生菌在农业生产中的应用,通过微生物梯度驯化技术,从农药池周边生长的水稻根组织中分离纯化获得一株能以毒死蜱为唯一碳源的降解内生菌CP40,研究了该菌株的毒死蜱降解特性及对作物中残留毒死蜱降解的影响。基于16S rRNA和细菌形态学特征,将菌株CP40鉴定为芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.CP40）。菌株CP40含有机磷降解酶基因opd,异源表达该基因后毒死蜱的降解率达58.4%。降解条件优化实验表明,毒死蜱初始浓度为10 mg·L^-1、温度为30℃、pH为7时,菌株CP40对毒死蜱的降解效果最佳。此外,发现菌株CP40具有促生能力,接种菌株CP40可显著促进水稻生长,并能将水稻体内毒死蜱含量降低30.9%。研究表明,功能内生菌在调控水稻体内毒死蜱的降解过程中可发挥重要作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌侵染指标与植物促生效应相关性分析

为探讨不同丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)生长特性与功能(植物生长和养分吸收)的相关性。采用分室根箱装置,以玉米(Zea mays L.)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为宿主植物,选取7种AMF:摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae、变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices、幼套近明球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum、近明球囊霉C.claroideum、细凹无梗囊霉Acaulospora scrobiculata、黏屑多样孢囊霉Diversispora spurca,以不接种为对照进行温室盆栽试验,测定菌根侵染率、根外菌丝密度、植物地上部生物量、磷/锌吸收量、植物根系AMF gDNA丰度以及玉米根系ZmPht1;6的相对表达量。结果表明:接种F.mosseae、R.intraradices、G.versiforme、C.etunicatum的玉米和紫花苜蓿根系侵染率及根外菌丝密度较高,对植株生长和磷、锌吸收均表现为正效应;C.claroideum、A.scrobiculata、D.spurca根系侵染率和根外菌丝密度较低,C.claroideum对紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收表现为促进效应,而对玉米表现出抑制效应,后两者对植株生长和磷、锌吸收无显著效应或抑制作用;AMF的生长指标(菌根侵染率和根外菌丝密度)与菌根生长效应以及磷、锌吸收效应之间均具有较高的正相关性,根系AMF总侵染率对玉米菌根生长效应、磷/锌吸收效应变异的解释量分别为79.0%,77.6%和74.1%;菌丝侵染率对紫花苜蓿菌根生长效应、磷/锌吸收效应变异的解释量分别为76.5%,72.6%和74.0%;此外,仅紫花苜蓿根系AMF gDNA丰度与根系总侵染率显著正相关,玉米根系ZmPht1;6基因的相对表达量与菌根磷吸收效应显著正相关。综上,AMF的侵染指标显著影响植物生长和养分吸收效应,AMF gDNA丰度可作为表示AMF生长的指标,但因植物而异,玉米根系ZmPht1;6的相对表达量在一定程度上可反映AMF吸磷能力。