Density loss and respiration rates in coarse woody debris of Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus regnans and Eucalyptus maculata

This study compared field and laboratory decomposition rates of coarse woody debris (CWD) (>10 cm diameter) from three tree species: Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus regnans, and Eucalyptus maculata. For this purpose, the density loss of logs on the ground sampled from chronosequences of sites following harvesting was determined using the water replacement technique. P. radiata logs were sampled 1, 2.5, 6, and 9 years following harvesting, and logs of E. regnans and E. maculata were collected from sites that were harvested 1, 3.5, 6.5, and 12 and 1.5, 6.5, and 11.5 years ago, respectively. In addition, the C/N ratio of wood was determined and current respiration rates of logs from these different age classes were measured through laboratory incubation. The times for loss of 95% of material (t_0.95) determined from density loss for these species were 24 years for P. radiata, 43 years for E. regnans, and 62 years for E. maculata. The decomposition rates of CWD derived from laboratory respiration were 6.1, 5.9 and 11.9 times higher than the decay rates from density loss in P. radiata, E. regnans, and E. maculata, respectively. This points to severe constraints of decomposition through adverse conditions in the field. The changes in respiration rates and C/N ratio with age of decaying logs indicated that the single component, negative exponential decay model could be applied satisfactorily only to P. radiata. In the case of the eucalypt species, substrate quality (expressed through respiration rates) declined in the oldest samples. This may be explained by the loss of rapidly decomposing sapwood and the retention of more decay-resistant heartwood. In these cases, a two-component model will be more suitable to describe the density loss of decaying wood.     

Effect of agroforestry woody species on earthworm activity and physicochemical properties of worm casts

The effects of five agroforestry woody species (Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea andTreculia africana) on the surface aasting activity ofHyperiodrilus africanus were studied in an Alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Casting activity under the woody species decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp. (26.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Gliricidia sp. (24.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Treculia sp. (22.9 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Leucaena sp. (18.6 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Senna sp. (18.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1). These differences in casting activity were partly explained by microclimatic effects. Irrespective of the woody species, the worm casts were higher in clay and silt contents, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, pH, organic C, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and extractable P levels than the corresponding surface soils. The woody species did affect the physicochemical properties and P sorption of the worm casts. The content of water-stable aggregates of worm casts decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp.>Treculia sp.>Senna sp.>Leucaena sp.>Gliricidia sp. Large differences in extractable P levels were observed.Senna sp. was associated with the highest extractable P level (11.5 mg kg^-1) andTreculia sp. the lowest (4.9 mg kg^-1). P sorption was highest on worm casts underDactyladenia sp. and lowest on those underTreculia sp. Without fertilizer application, there were no significant differences in the dry weight of maize grown in the different worm casts. With NPK applications, the dry weight of maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was significantly lower than that of maize grown in the other worm casts, mainly due to the low extractable P level. Despite a high organic C and exchangeable K status, maize grown in the worm casts still responded significantly to N and K applications. The N uptake by maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was lower than that in the other treatments.     

新疆西昆仑地区泥石流灾害分析与评价

[目的]评价研究区泥石流的危险性,找出适合新疆西昆仑地区泥石流灾害研究的技术和方法。[方法]以新疆西昆仑山脉西段马尔洋地区为研究对象,在充分收集、研究前人资料和有效利用其他信息源的基础上,通过对研究区ETM+影像数据的研究,对研究区泥石流灾害点进行了判读。结合DEM数据,对该区地形地貌进行了研究。[结果]选取了合适的泥石流灾害危险性评价指标体系。一般危险区、中度危险区、高度危险区、极度危险区,面积分别为:31.69,40.70,38.31,25.83km2,所占比例分别为:23.21%,29.81%,28.06%,19.92%。[结论]研究区泥石流灾害极度危险区和高度危险区占总面积的47.98%,主要分布在研究区的中部和西北部区域,为泥石流灾害高度危险性易发区。     

Soil niche effect on species diversity and catabolic activities in an ectomycorrhizal fungal community

The species of an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) community were investigated in a temperate oak forest by morphotyping and ITS rDNA sequencing. Thirty-six ECM morphotypes were found at the site. The niche effect (as organic soil, mineral soil or dead woody debris artificially introduced in the soil) on the ECM community structure and on the potential catabolic activities of the most abundant morphotypes was studied. The morphotypes in each niche were subjected to enzymatic tests developed for hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes involved in the decomposition of organic compounds. The ECM community structure varied widely depending on the soil horizon or habitat patch. The species richness was higher in the A1 horizon than in the other niches. Different ECM species had different activity patterns for the eight enzymatic tests while co-occurring in the same niche. Catabolic activities also changed within species between niches. Dead woody debris were extensively colonized by two saprotrophic fungi (Megacollybia platyphylla and Armillaria sp.) and, in this particular niche, ECM morphotypes predominantly belonged to the genera Lactarius and Tomentella. These morphotypes showed high chitinase activities. This study suggested also that some ECM fungi could obtain nutrients via the chitin degradation of dead or live saprobes.     

北京山区泥石流与滑坡防治研究

泥石流、滑坡是北京山区常见的山地灾害 ,尤以泥石流灾害最为严重。全市共有泥石流沟 70 0条 ,分布在房山、门头沟、昌平、怀柔、延庆、密云、平谷 7个区县 ,涉及乡镇 6 1个。泥石流、滑坡多次造成人员伤亡和财产损失。防治泥石流、滑坡灾害 ,对改善北京山区环境 ,保护首都水源地等都有着重要意义。     

碳源调理剂对黄瓜秧堆肥进程和碳氮养分损失的影响

由于中国蔬菜产地的黄瓜秧无害化处理与循环利用缺乏针对性的使用技术,这类废弃资源多成为当地的环境污染源。该文以黄瓜秧为原料(空白对照,CK)进行高温好氧堆肥,并在此基础上设置2组处理,即把玉米秸秆(CS)和木本泥炭(WP)作为辅助碳源调理剂,按照C/N比为25添加到物料中。通过对比分析不同处理的CO2和氨气的排放速率和累积量、物料损失率、有机质含量、p H值、电导率(EC)、发芽指数等指标,研究外加碳源对黄瓜秧堆肥过程和碳氮氧分损失的影响,以期实现对黄瓜秧堆肥化进程进行工艺优化,并降低碳氮元素以气态形式的损失,进而减少温室气体排放。结果表明:玉米秸秆和木本泥炭作为外加碳源调理剂,可以减少物料损失量,加速堆肥腐熟进程,其中尤以玉米秸秆效果更佳。但是,玉米秸秆的添加会增加整个堆肥过程中有机质的降解和CO2的排放强度,提高累积排放量(100g/kg),而木本泥炭会减少有机质的降解总量和CO2的累积排放量(77g/kg);玉米秸秆和木本泥炭都有利于控制堆肥过程中氨气的排放,且作用时间和机理不同。综合考虑堆肥进程和气体损失,木本泥炭作为碳源调理剂的改良效果更优于秸秆,应进一步研究两者联合使用的效果。     

北京木本植物区系地理分析

根据对北京地区木本植物属的统计分析,结果可划分为14种土理分布类型,以温带分布为主,占区系成分属数的71.7％,其中以北温带分布类型占主导地位;与热带植物区系有一定联系,占区系成分的24.5％;与各大洲植物区系存在着广泛的联系。     

木本攀缘植物在现代城市垂直绿化中的应用

本文根据攀缘植物的攀缘习性以及现代城市的不同垂直立面,对攀缘植物的配置应用进行了系统探讨,为垂直绿化中攀缘植物的应用与推广提供依据。     

神经网络与暴雨泥石流灾害预报

建立了用于暴雨泥石流适时预报的人工神经网络模型，在荒溪分类和危险区划分基础上，结合北京山区暴雨泥石流例子，验证模型判别结果与实际情况相符，应用效果良好。     

几种木本花卉的花粉微形态观察

在扫描电镜下观察了东北地区常见木本花卉植物葱皮忍冬Ｌｏｎｉｃｅｒａ ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｉｉ Ｆｒａｎｃｈ、蓝靛果Ｍｅｔａｌｏｎｉｃｅｒａ ｅｄ ｕｌｉｓ（Ｔｕｒｃａ．ｅｘ Ｆｒｅｙｎ）Ｍ．Ｗａｎｇ ｅｔ Ａ．Ｇ．Ｇｕ、紫丁香Ｓｙｒｉｎｇａｏｂｌａｔａ Ｌｉｎｄｌ．、白花下香Ｓ．ｏｂｌａｔａ Ｌｉｎｄｌ．ｖａｒ． ａｌｂａ Ｈｏｒｔ ｅｘ Ｒｅｈｄ．、斑叶稠李Ｐａｄｕｓ ｍａａｃｋｉｉ（Ｒｕｐｒ．）