葡萄叶片衰老过程中不同光质对其光合和叶绿体超微结构的影响

以栽植于日光温室中适宜延迟栽培的‘贝达’砧‘意大利’葡萄为试材,自2013年8月1日始至落叶(2014年1月31日)止每天分别进行红光和蓝光不同光质延长光照至24:00补光处理,以不补光作为对照,研究不同光质补光处理对葡萄叶片衰老过程中叶片的外观形态特征、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m、可溶性蛋白质含量和叶绿体超微结构的影响,为叶片抗衰老技术的研发提供理论依据。研究结果表明:补充红光显著提高了叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m值和可溶性蛋白质含量,叶绿体基粒片层排列整齐有序,明显减缓了叶绿体超微结构的解体,显著延缓叶片衰老;补充蓝光处理前期显著降低了叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m值和可溶性蛋白质含量,破坏了叶绿体的超微结构,加速了植株的衰老进程;但在叶片衰老后期,叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m值和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐高于对照,并且叶绿体的基粒片层比对照排列整齐有序,在一定程度上延缓了叶片衰老。补充蓝光处理的叶片可溶性蛋白质含量一直显著高于补充红光和对照。综上,补充红光处理有效延缓了叶片衰老进程,延长了叶片的生理功能期。     

hrpZ_(Psta)在转基因大豆中定量表达与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性相关研究

以T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆JN29-705-15和JL30-187为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术(Quantitative Real Time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测了目标基因在转基因大豆不同组织中的表达量,分别利用下胚轴侵染法和叶面喷施法鉴定疫霉根腐病抗性和灰斑病抗性,并分析目的基因表达量与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性的相关性。结果表明:hrpZPsta基因在大豆的叶、茎、根、籽粒中均有表达,二个株系平均相对表达量分别为8.2/6.1、0.9/0.7、6.5/4.6和0.8/0.7;T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆抗疫霉根腐病和灰斑病能力与野生型相比均有所提高,JN29-705-15对疫霉根腐病抗性从感病提高到中抗,而JL30-187从中抗提高到抗病;hrpZPsta基因在叶中的表达量也与抗灰斑病能力呈正相关,与病情级别呈极显著负相关。试验结果初步证明了外源基因hrp ZPsta在大豆植株中的表达量与受体植株对疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性存在一定的相关性。     

Evaluating the role of seed priming in improving drought tolerance of pigmented and non‐pigmented rice

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of seed priming on drought tolerance of pigmented and non‐pigmented rice. Seeds of pigmented (cv. Heug Jinju Byeo) and non‐pigmented (cv. Anjoong) rice were soaked in water (hydropriming) or solution of CaCl₂ (osmopriming). Seeds were sown in soil‐filled pots retained at 70 (well‐watered) and 35% (drought) water‐holding capacity. Drought stress caused erratic and poor stand establishment and decreased the growth of both rice types. More decrease in plant height and leaf area under drought stress was noted in pigmented rice, whereas decrease in root length and seedling dry weight, under drought, was more obvious in non‐pigmented rice. Pigmented rice maintained more tissue water and photosynthesis and had more polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity than non‐pigmented rice. Seed priming was effective in improving stand establishment, growth, polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity; however, extent of improvement was more in pigmented rice under drought. In conclusion, drought caused erratic germination and suppressed plant growth in both rice types. However, pigmented rice had better drought tolerance owing to uniform emergence, and better physiological and morphological plasticity. Seed priming was quite helpful in improving the performance of both rice types under drought and well‐watered conditions.     

A new Curvularia lunata variety discovered in Huanghuaihai Region in China

The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant pathogens of Curvularia leaf spot and their pathogenicity variation in Huanghuaihai Region of China in recent years. In 2013 and 2016–2017, the occurrences of Curvularia leaf spots on maize were investigated in fields located in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and 292 fungi were isolated from diseased leaves. These fungal isolates were subjected to morphological identification, and 232 isolates were found to have about 70% uncurved conidia and were identified as Curvularia lunata var. Most of the conidia of 2 representative isolates, namely, HNWB-131 and HNWB-185, were oblong with parallel septations and were distinctly different from a reference isolate CX-3. For further determination, the internal transcribed spacer(ITS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH), the large subunit(LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha(EF1-α) sequences of HNWB-131, HNWB-185, and CX-3 were amplified and sequenced. The results of sequence analysis showed that the 4 gene sequences from the 3 isolates had a similarity of more than 99% to C. lunata. Based on the sequences of ITS and the combined data of the 4 genes, neighbor-joining trees were constructed for phylogenetic analysis. The results indicated that these 3 isolates were clustered together with C. lunata. The expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes in mycelia and conidia was significantly(P0.05) higher in CX-3 than in HNWB-131 and HNWB-185. This study found that the dominant pathogen of Curvularia leaf spot was a new variety of C. lunata with morphological variations in Huanghuaihai Region from 2013 to 2017. The pathogenicity of the C. lunata var. was not significantly enhanced, and the expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes of C. lunata var. was decreased.     

三亚市槟榔黄化病危害情况初步调查

为了摸清槟榔黄化病在三亚市的危害情况，对三亚市二区六镇（河东区、河西区、吉阳镇、育才镇、海棠湾镇、天涯镇、崖城镇、凤凰镇）的槟榔种植区进行下乡调查。结果表明三亚市各区镇槟榔种植水平存在差异，二区槟榔种植面积由于城镇化己呈减少趋势；槟榔黄化病在六镇二区零星发病，总体危害较轻，除育才镇一个槟榔园发病在50%以上之外，其他地区基本发病率均在3%以下；其他病虫害的发生率与种植管理水平相关。并对外界报道发病严重而实际调查轻的原因进行了分析，提出应对槟榔黄化病的相关策略。     

铜仁烤烟单叶重现状与提升烟叶质量对策

根据铜仁烤烟单叶重的调查数据，认真梳理了铜仁烤烟单叶重的现状，分析了铜仁烤烟单叶重存在的问题，从烟叶收购政策和烟叶生产技术两个方面有针对性的提出提升铜仁烟叶质量的对策，为铜仁烤烟产业的持续健康发展提供理论指导。     

黔南州核桃优树叶片营养元素和果实品质相关分析

为了分析叶片营养元素对黔南州核桃优树坚果品质的影响,通过方差分析和相关分析研究了叶片营养元素与坚果品质之间的相关关系。结果表明:不同品种的核桃优树单株的坚果品质指标间存在显著差异;叶片钙、铜和锰显著影响核桃坚果品质。可以通过核桃叶片营养元素的诊断来提高坚果品质。     

农产品监测预警模型集群构建理论方法与应用

【目的】农产品供给与需求的准确分析测定,是农业监测预警能力提升的重要表现。构建产品多品种多环节模型集群理论方法,可高效解决单一环节或单一模型难以解决的分析技术难题。【方法】在农产品供需的重要要素即生产量、消费量、贸易量、价格等分析预测过程中,针对农产品品种间关联性强,自然、社会、经济诸多影响因素纠缠,模型多变量强耦合、非线性、参数时变的特点,提出多品种农产品“因素分类解耦、参数转用适配”方法,以构建多时空维度的监测预警模型集群。【结果】利用“因素分类解耦、参数转用适配”技术方法,研究构建了不同农产品的生产类、消费类、贸易类、价格类的模型集群。这些模型集群可用于对不同时空维度的水稻、玉米、小麦、肉类等主要农产品供需的长中短期的分析预测,支撑形成了农业展望中的主要农产品平衡表,其中主要农产品全国年度生产量6年平均预测精度高于97%。【结论】研究提出的农产品监测预警模型集群构建理论及其方法,有效提升了农产品多品种模型集群的求解效率和准确率,增强了农产品供需分析预测的系统性与智能性,为系统揭示农产品复杂的时空供需变化特征、促进农产品市场调控科学性和可预见性,提供了新技术方法。