Integrating preventive and curative non‐chemical weed control strategies for concrete block pavements

Reduction in herbicide use in non‐agricultural areas is being imposed by a growing number of governments, triggering the development of alternative strategies for weed prevention and control. This study aimed to determine the weed preventive abilities of different paving types, the required treatment frequency of non‐chemical weed control scenarios on these pavements and the associated weed species composition. A test parking area, constructed with four concrete paving types, was sown with a mixture of dominant weed species. Six scenarios with repeated use of a single weed control method (brushing with waste removal, hot air, selective application of hot water and three scenarios with flaming) and two scenarios with alternating use of brushes and hot air were applied to control the weeds during two growing seasons. Treatments were applied at well‐defined intervention moments, based upon weed development. Over 2 years, the paving types differed in weed coverage (up to a fourfold difference) and required varying treatment frequency (up to a 11‐fold difference) with lowest values for pavings with porous pavers. Within most paving types, up to 28% lower treatment frequencies were found for selective application of hot water, as compared with all other single method scenarios. Shifts in weed composition occurred in plots treated repeatedly with the same technique. Paving type determined the chances for the establishment of different weed species and alternating non‐chemical control methods with different modes of action offered the best opportunity to keep weeds under control.     

Reduced weed growth with different paving constructions

The recent phaseout of herbicide use on public pavements in Flanders has triggered the development of alternative weed control strategies. Besides the search for effective non‐chemical curative methods, there is also a need for strategies that prevent or reduce weed growth on pavements. In this study a paving experiment was set up under a rain shelter to investigate the effects of four construction factors on weed growth: joint filling material, joint width, organic pollution of the joint filling material and type of bedding layer. Paving mini‐plots were oversown with a mixture of dominant, hard‐to‐control weed species found on pavements. The inhibitory effect on weeds was determined by examining initial weed density and weed coverage over a 2‐year period. More weed growth was found in pavings with wide joints and organically polluted joint filling materials. High permeability of the bedding layer resulted in higher weed cover. The coarse‐grained filling materials and the sodium silicate‐enriched sand Dansand^® were associated with less weed cover than the fine‐grained filling materials. Our results show there is potential for preventing weed growth using suitable paving materials and appropriate high‐standard construction and maintenance of pavements.     

葡萄幼苗在PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下生理生化的响应

[目的]探讨葡萄幼苗在不同干旱胁迫程度条件下,随着胁迫时间的增加,其水分代谢、渗透调节物质以及根系活力的变化.[方法]采用0;、5;、10;、15;四种不同浓度的PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,分别在胁迫12、36、60、84和108 h测定其叶片的相对含水量、水分饱和度、自由水与束缚水比值、根系活力、电导率和脯氨酸的变化.[结果]在轻度干旱胁迫T1下,在胁迫前60 h,植株叶片的相对含水量、自由水下降缓慢,束缚水、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量呈缓慢上升趋势.但在中度干旱胁迫T2和重度干旱胁迫T3下,随着胁迫时间的增加,相对含水量、自由水等快速下降,束缚水、相对电导率、脯氨酸呈快速上升趋势,一直到达峰值,而后呈下降趋势.[结论]在干旱胁迫前期植株可以通过增强根系活力和自身的水分、渗透的调节,来抵御外界干旱胁迫.     

栓皮栎软木杂质微观构造及化学成分分析

通过对国产栓皮栎软木杂质的构造观察及其化学成分分析,为栓皮栎软木除杂技术提供理论依据,结果表明:软木夹砂（石细胞）为坚硬、白色、砂粒状,夹杂（褐色杂质）为皮孔通道及褐色填充物组成的皮孔组织;石细胞为厚壁细胞,细胞腔未见。夹砂（石细胞）、夹杂（褐色杂质）与初生软木中各主要化学成分区别在于软木杂质含有较少木栓脂,较多的纤维素,而石细胞灰分含量高于褐色杂质和软木。     

木材吸湿机理及其应用

木材是一种多孔性、吸湿性和各向异性的天然高分子材料,水分影响着木材多方面的性质。文中从木材组分的角度综述了木材对水分的吸湿机理,介绍了木材对水分吸附的基本理论,解释了木材吸湿滞后现象的基本原因;在上述基础上评述了降低木材吸湿性的基本方法及其实现原因,还分析了机理应用方面存在的不足以及测试方法的不统一,并对未来研究趋势进行了展望。     

杨树短轮伐期矮林培育国内外研究进展

短轮伐期矮林作为一种可再生能源原料生产方式,其产品（如生物质成型颗粒燃料、生物乙醇等）可以替代日益匮乏的化石燃料,因此受到广泛关注。文中介绍了国内外杨树短轮伐期矮林培育研究进展情况,主要包括良种选育、营造技术、密度控制、轮伐周期、施肥技术、病虫害防治、收获技术及矮林收获物的化学成分等方面,旨在为今后我国研究和发展杨树短轮伐期矮林提供思路和方法。     

姜花在Cu胁迫下的耐性机理研究

采用模拟湿地盆栽试验,研究了姜花在Cu胁迫下的积累、分布、化学形态和富集能力。结果表明：（1）姜花对Cu的积累能力随Cu处理浓度的增加而增大,但各部位对Cu的积累具有明显的差异性。当Cu处理浓度≤150mg·kg。时,其积累能力表现为根〉叶〉茎;当Cu处理浓度≥200mg·kg。时,其积累能力表现为叶〉根〉茎。（2）Cu在姜花叶片细胞中的分布具有选择性,其主要分布位点为细胞可溶性部分和细胞壁部分,而在细胞器中Cu的含量较低。（3）Cu在姜花根、茎和叶中赋存的化学形态有明显差异。在根部,Cu的化学形态主要以乙醇提取态和水提取态为主;在茎部,Cu均以氯化钠提取态为主;而叶部Cu主要以活性较低的氯化钠提取态、醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态存在。（4）姜花对Cu具有一定的富集能力,但富集能力不强,当Cu浓度达到400mg·kg^-1以上时,姜花植株便出现了较明显的毒害症状并随之死亡,因而姜花尚未达到超富集植物的标准。可见,姜花在Cu胁迫下具有一定的耐受性,分布选择性和富集能力,将其运用于湿地Cu污染修复中,将极大地缓解重金属Cu污染给环境带来的压力。     

基于3S技术的水土流失现状监测研究

以黄土高原与毛乌素沙地线交界处能源重化工基地为研究区域,以2003年9月份的ETM遥感数据为基础数据,在GPS野外定点确定土地利用类型,实测样方内植被盖度及遥感信息与GIS空间信息分析的基础上,分析并确定影响土壤侵蚀的因子,合成了该区水土流失现状专题图.在此基础上对榆林北部6县(区)的各类水土流失类型、面积做了全面清查,并分析了该地的水土流失类型、强度及区域分布的分异特征.     

半干旱退化山区不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质的特征研究

通过对半干旱退化山区不同土地利用方式的土壤理化性质的调查研究.得出不同土地利用措施土壤机械成分表现出一定的差异性,在0-40 cm土层,88542整地和人工草地的粗砂粒平均含量高于天然草地;在0-100 cm土层,最大田间持水量:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;毛管持水量:人工草地＞人工林地＞天然草地;土壤总孔隙度:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;毛管孔隙度:人工草地＞人工林地＞天然草地;土壤的透气性:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地.在0-100 cm土层:有机质的含量为:人工林地＞天然草地＞人工草地;土壤碱解氮的含量变化为:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;土壤速效磷的含量变化为:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地.结果表明,合理的土地利用方式,改善了土壤结构和肥力,增加土壤的通透性,改变土壤水肥气热状况,其中人工造林整地对土壤容重、持水量、土壤养分的促进作用均优于其它利用方式,有利于植被的快速恢复.     

小麦生理型雄性不育花药中能量相关基因的表达

为揭示小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)生理型雄性不育机理,以化学杂交剂SQ-1为诱导剂,构建了普通小麦西农1376不育和可育生理系,用RT-PCR技术分析了3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)和NFUDP4基因在不同发育时期的不育和可育花药中的表达差异.结果表明,与同期对照相比,GAPDH和NFUDP4基因在不育花药单核期到三核期均下调表达,其中在大量花粉粒败育的单核期,GAPDH下调表达尤为显著.因此,小麦生理型雄性不育花药败育过程中,一方面由于GAPDH基因表达受抑制,使糖酵解受阻导致能量供应不足;另一方面,NFUDP4基因下调表达,可能引起线粒体某一Fe-S族蛋白装配需要的分子骨架减少而使其数量不足,从而可能引起Fe-S族蛋白参与的生化反应减弱,如呼吸链电子传递受阻引起能量供应不足,与小麦生理型雄性不育具有一定关系.