节水农业中化控技术的应用研究

抗旱节水化控技术是一种很有发展前景的农业节水技术。它具有操作简便，投入少、见效快、易推广的优点，因而是一般常规技术所无法替代的。本文介绍了几种主要的抗旱节水化控制剂（保水剂、土壤蒸发抑制剂、植物抗蒸腾剂、土壤结构改良剂和植物生长调节剂）的特性及应用效果，并提出了该技术研究中存在的一些问题，以期为化学节水技术广泛应用提供理论参考。     

涞水县设施蔬菜化肥与农药施用现状及对策

为进一步提高设施蔬菜生产技术水平,对涞水县设施蔬菜生产温室进行调查,通过调查设施设备、主栽作物、种植模式、销售渠道、经济效益等基本情况,发现存在基础配套设备落后、种植户管理水平差异较大等问题;通过调查涞水县温室蔬菜栽培中化肥、农药使用情况,发现存在过度依赖化学农药、施用方式粗放、缺乏合理施用方案、化肥农药安全使用意识差等问题;并提出依据需水规律合理灌溉、依据需肥规律合理施肥等栽培管理建议,以及加强农业防治(选择抗病品种、轮作倒茬等)、物理防治(高温闷棚、覆盖防虫网、黄板诱杀等)及生物防治(使用生物农药、性诱剂及有益生物等)建议。     

用鱼肌核酸指示水体污染的初步研究

选择了4种家鱼作指示生物，用紫外分光光度法测定其白肌中RNA和DNA的含量。结果表明：同种鱼，污染区的RNA含量显著低于对照区，白鲢和鳊鱼白肌中RNA／DNA低于对照区；不同种的鱼，污染区鱼肌核酸比对照区下降的程度有鳊鱼＞白鲢＞鲫鱼和鲤鱼的趋势。鱼肌核酸下降同水体重金属污染有一定联系，RNA是比RNA／DNA更合适的指标，鳊鱼和白鲢是比鲫鱼和鲤鱼更敏感的指示生物。     

兴安落叶松容器苗化学剪根效果与根生长潜力测定的研究

采用内壁涂有不同浓度碳酸铜的容器培育出兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini(Rupr.)Rupr.)苗木,苗木侧根受碳酸铜的抑制,减小了根系变形的程度。通过对处理苗木根生长潜力的测定表明:碳酸铜浓度为100～150g/L时改变了兴安落叶松容器苗新根的分布状态,根系中、上层的新根数量明显增加,这样的苗木根系更接近自然发育的苗木根系,从而克服了一般容器苗根系易变形的缺点。     

Effect of sulphur in the prevention of incipient iron chlorosis in corn

Abstract

Results of a field experiment, comprising elemental S and three commercial preparations of Fe, applied with and without several other factors showed that the application of S was significantly better than that of Fe supplying materials in preventing the incipient chlorosis of corn leaves on the alkaline calcareous soils. Prevention of chlorosis in corn due to sulphur application increased the grain yield of corn 25–31%.

Leaf samples from plants raised with Fe supplying materials were chlorotic even though they contained significantly higher amounts of Fe. Persistence of chlorosis in spite of high Fe content of leaves, vis a vis freedom from chlorosis in spite of low Fe content, suggest that deficiency of Fe was not a factor in chlorosis. Freedom from chlorosis accompanied by significant increases in corn yields due to S application, on the contrary, show that it was the lack of S rather than Fe as the cause of Chlorosis.

When the supply of S is low, Fe seems to be subjected to a great deal of chemical inactivation and under conditions of stress more and more absorption of Fe is necessitated. In all probability the rate of inactivation exceeds the rate of absorption and chlorosis develops. In this situation either the plant's ability to utilize iron is affected or the physiological availability of absorbed iron is very low. Increased S seems to arrest the process of Fe inactivation by providing a better nutritional environment.     

Organic Chemical Characterization of Decomposing Plant Litter: A Comparison of Methods

There are two common methods to characterize organic chemical composition of decomposing plant litter, a forest products method and a forage fiber method. These methods divide litter into a few fractions based on extractions using different solvents. In this study, equivalencies were established between the fractions of the methods. Some of the equivalencies were based on similarities in the fractionation methods, whereas some were estimated empirically. The equivalencies gave similar chemical composition for different litter types as measurements. The results were also comparable to, or for certain fractions even better than, those obtained using earlier conversion equations. The equivalencies established are suitable for converting the forage fiber fractions to the forest products fractions in litter decomposition studies. Thus, they increase possibilities to exchange data on litter chemical characteristics across the methods in decomposition studies.     

Screening and Analysis of Proteins Interacting with TaPDK from Physiological Male Sterility Induced by CHA in Wheat

To further research the regulatory network of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (designated as TaPDK) in physiological male-sterility (PHYMS) of wheat induced by chemical hybridizing agent (CHA) SQ-1, an anther cDNA library was constructed, and the proteins interacting with TaPDK were screened via yeast two-hybrid technique. Subsequently, a few candidate proteins in nucleotide expression levels were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Yeast-two hybrid screening was performed by mating yeast strain Y2HGold containing BD-TaPDK bait plasmid with yeast strain Y187 including anther cDNA library plasmid. Diploid yeast cells were plated on synthetic dropout nutrient medium (SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp) (QDO), and further were incubated on QDO medium containing AbA and X-α-Gal. The interactions between TaPDK and the proteins obtained from positive colonies were further confirmed by co-transformation validation. After plasmids DNA were extracted from blue colonies and sequenced, the sequences results were analyzed by bioinformatic methods. Finally, 24 colonies were obtained, including eight genes, namely non-specific lipid-transfer protein precursor (TanLTP), polyubiquitin (TaPUbi), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (TaPCNA), CBS domain containing protein (TaCBS), actin, guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta subunit, chalcone synthase, and three new genes with unknown function. The results of quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of TanLTP, TaPUbi, and TaPCNA were obviously up-regulated in PHYMS anther, and TaCBS expression was only increased at the tricellular stage in PHYMS anther compared with in fertile lines. Whereas, the expression of TaPDK was obviously down-regulated in PHYMS lines. Collectively, these datas indicated that the majority of candidate proteins might be related to pollen abortion in PHYMS lines, which further suggested that TaPDK plays multiple roles in pollen development, besides participating in regulating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity.     

Exogenous Nitric Oxide Involved in Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cu~（2＋） Under Copper Stress in Tomato Seedlings

Nitric oxide（NO）,a bioactive signaling molecule,serves as an antioxidant and anti-stress agent under abiotic stress.A hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium nitroprusside（SNP）,a NO donor,on tomato seedlings exposed to 50 μmol L-1CuCl 2.The results show that copper is primarily stored in the soluble cell sap fraction in the roots,especially after treatment with Cu＋SNP treatment,which accounted for 66.2% of the total copper content.The copper concentration gradually decreased from the roots to the leaves.In the leaves,exogenous NO induces the storage of excess copper in the cell walls.Copper stress decreases the proportion of copper integrated with pectates and proteins,but exogenous NO remarkably reverses this trend.The alleviating effect of NO is blocked by hemoglobin.Thus,exogenous NO is likely involved in the regulation of the subcellular copper concentrations and its chemical forms under copper stress.Although exogenous NO inhibited the absorption and transport of excess copper to some extent,the copper accumulation in tomato seedlings significantly increased under copper stress.The use of exogenous NO to enhance copper tolerance in some plants is a promising method for copper remediation.     

平菇培养料发酵过程理化因素及微生物变化研究

通过对平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)玉米芯培养料进行发酵处理,监测玉米芯发酵料的堆温和pH值变化,对不同发酵阶段进行微生物区系分析并测定了发酵过程中脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的变化。结果表明,在玉米芯培养料的发酵过程中,堆温先升高后降低,而pH值先降低后升高。微生物主要以细菌和放线菌为主,真菌数量很少。随着发酵的进行,细菌和放线菌数量,脱氢酶以及碱性磷酸酶的活性呈逐渐上升趋势。