河南省中部地区优质小麦品种比较研究

[目的]大力发展优质专用小麦对满足市场需求,提高小麦市场竞争力具有重要意义。[方法]该研究对河南省小麦产业技术体系提供的12个优质小麦品种的产量和品质进行比较并对其抗逆性等进行鉴定。[结果]所有参试品种的越冬性较好,均无明显冻害发生。参试品种中,除师栾02-1和宿553的植株较高,部分发生倒伏外,其余品种均未发生倒伏现象。参试品种中只有宿553和矮抗58的均产高于对照(周麦18),增产率分别为10.97%和1.57%,其中宿553分蘖较强,较耐后期高温,生育期偏长,成穗率、穗粒数和千粒重均较高,产量三要素协调,均产达到7 075.5 kg/hm2,但植株偏高,易发生倒伏。DA7200型近红外分析表明,郑麦366、师栾02-1、新麦26、丰德存麦1号和郑麦3596等品种的品质指标均达到优质强筋标准。[结论]参试品种中丰德存麦1号、郑麦366和郑麦3596等品种综合性状表现较好,适宜在河南省中部地区推广种植。     

干旱胁迫下不同抗旱性小麦品种产量形成与水分利用特征

在移动防雨棚条件下,以晋麦47(抗旱性强)、偃展4110(抗旱性弱)和矮抗58(抗旱性中等)为材料,在足墒播种、安全越冬基础上,设置拔节~成熟期持续干旱(W1)、开花~成熟期干旱(W2)、拔节~成熟期供水适宜(W3)3种水分处理,研究了干旱胁迫对不同抗旱性冬小麦品种产量形成和水分利用的影响。结果表明:供水适宜时3个品种的产量和水分利用效率皆无显著差异,干旱胁迫显著降低了各品种产量,降幅表现为晋麦47矮抗58偃展4110。与偃展4110相比,晋麦47干旱时生育前期耗水较多,物质积累量较大,单位面积总粒数较高;而在产量形成期(开花~成熟)叶片蒸腾速率较低,耗水量较小,水分生产效率较高,贮藏物质转运对籽粒的贡献率较高,最终获得较高的产量和水分利用效率。矮抗58在花后干旱条件下具有较高的物质生产能力和花前贮藏物质贡献率,相对产量也较高。综合研究认为,干旱环境下早期的吸水能力和生长能力强、群体库容量大、花前贮藏物质贡献率和花后水分生产效率高是抗旱高产品种的重要特征。     

黑河号大豆品种在俄罗斯的生态适应性

为了鉴定黑河号大豆品种在俄罗斯相应生态区的适应性,今在俄罗斯阿穆尔州南部地区对黑河号大豆品种进行了经济性状研究和品质分析。结果表明,黑河号大豆品种在产量和品质上与俄罗斯目前应用的品种十月—70相比具有一定的优势,为该类型的大豆品种对俄技术输出提供了依据。     

16个柑桔品种的光合特性

试验研究了 16个柑桔品种的光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点及光合速率的日变化规律。结果表明 ,供试的 16个柑桔品种的光合速率、光饱和点和光补偿点存在差异 ,其大小顺序为 :清见橘橙 >清家脐橙 >红肉脐橙 >丰脐 >姊良 3号脐橙>德尔塔夏橙 >卡特 >大三岛脐橙 >纽荷尔脐橙 >梦脐橙 >白柳脐橙 >红夏橙 >铃木脐橙 >福罗斯特脐橙 >Fallago橘>朋娜脐橙。大三岛脐橙、红夏橙的光饱和点最高 ,红肉脐橙、姊良 3号脐橙、梦脐橙、朋娜脐橙、白柳脐橙、德尔塔夏橙、卡特夏橙、清见橘橙、福罗斯特脐橙次之 ,纽荷尔脐橙、丰脐、铃木脐橙、Fallago橘较低 ;16个柑桔品种光补偿点在 8.4～6 6 .5μmol m- 2 s- 1 之间 ,福罗斯特脐橙的光补偿点最高 ,姊良 3号脐橙、朋娜脐橙、大三岛脐橙、德尔塔夏橙次之 ,其它柑桔品种光补偿点较低。供试柑桔品种在晴天光合速率的日变化均呈双峰曲线 ,中午有明显的“午休”现象。     

短季棉主要农艺性状的遗传分析

选用5个早熟不早衰的短季棉品种和5 个早衰的短季棉品种进行部分双列杂交。通过对亲本、F1 和F2 代分别于2001 年和 2002 年两年田间试验研究。结果表明:子棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分3个性状以显性效应为主,其次为加性效应,同时还存在极显著的加性上位性与环境的互作效应,单铃重和成铃数以显性效应为主;与早熟有关的诸性状,生育期、始花期、铃期和果枝始节4个性状以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应,霜前花率以显性效应×环境互作效应为主,同时存在显著的加性上位效应,落叶株率以加性与加性互作上位性为主,落叶指数以加性效应为主;与纤维品质有关的诸性状,2.5%跨长、比强度、伸长率3个性状以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应,同时还存在着加性、上位性与环境的互作效应;同时还研究了产量、早熟性和纤维品质各性状之遗传和表型相关关系。     

北大营示范场黑麦草引种与品比试验研究

利用1998年2－11月在云南省北大营示范场引种的10个黑麦草品种的观测资料，统计分析了在高、中、低3种施肥水平下黑麦草的累计产量、月平均产量及其生长速度的变化规律，研究了影响产量的主导因子及其监测模型。结果表明，在10个品种中，伯生（Bison Intermdiate）及安巴瑟（Embassy）具有良好的生产性能。黑麦草产量主要受气候、土壤肥力及品种等因素的影响，其中测草盘高度、降水量、蒸发量、日照时数和牧草生长天数等5个因子，可以较好地模拟、评估黑麦草产量的变化动态。     

Pathogenicity of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) populations on tobacco cultivars

Parasitic weed species of the genus Orobanche are a serious threat for the production of several crops in Europe, Africa and Asia. In contrast to other broomrape species of agronomic importance, O. ramosa (branched broomrape) has a broad host range and in Europe particularly affects hemp, tobacco, tomato and, in recent times, oilseed rape. Two separate sets of experiments investigated the effect of two populations of O. ramosa on nine tobacco cultivars grown in Europe and belonging to the three major tobacco types: Virgin (flue-cured), Burley (light air-cured) and dark air-cured under standardized glasshouse conditions. The two broomrape populations were discriminated by means of polymorphic DNA fragments obtained by PCR of the intersimple sequence repeat regions (ISSRs). The Orobanche populations exhibited different levels of pathogenicity but all various tobacco cultivars were susceptible. Dark air-cured tobacco cultivars were the least susceptible to both broomrape populations. Virgin and Burley tobacco cultivars were more susceptible to one population of O. ramosa .     

小麦品种产量改良的限制因素分析

通过对关中地区 5 0年来不同时期小麦品种在目前栽培条件下产量性状变化与当前推广品种源库关系的研究 ,初步探明 :①在以往品种改良中 ,收获指数的提高起了重要作用 ;②当前种植的品种中 ,源是产量进一步提高的制约因素 ;③引入新的种质 ,以改善源的功效为基础提高生物学产量 ,且不降低收获指数 ,是超高产育种的根本方法。     

Auswirkungen der Züchtung bei Winterweizen in einem landwirtschaftlichen System mit geringer Betriebsmittelzufuhr von außen

Impact of Wheat Breeding in an Agricultural Low External Input System
Low external input systems, e.g. ecological agriculture, are able to solve problems concerning environmental pollution, diminishing ressources, and overproduction. Since growing conditions of winter wheat are very different in ecological agriculture as compared to conventional systems, the impact of genetic improvement of winter wheat in low external input systems is not well known. Investigations were carried out in two years at two ecologically managed farms using 24 genotypes of winter wheat of different periods of release (about 1900 to 1983). The results can be summarized as follows:
1. The tendency towards higher yields among modern varieties as compared to older cultivars in ecological agriculture was highly significant.
2. The rate of yield improvement was smaller under low external input as compared to conventional conditions results. Yield improvement was greatest in recent decades.
3. In ecological agriculture higher yields among modern varieties resulted from an increased harvest index along with an unchanged biomass production, improved resistance properties, and higher ear weight. Reduced plant height probably has negative effects.
4. Baking quality was improved clearly by wheat breeding.
5. Further genetic improvement of winter wheat yields in low external input systems may result from increased biomass production along with a constant or enhanced harvest index, improved resistance properties, increased plant height, and pronounciation of ear weight.