银芩麻杏石甘汤与桔芪麻杏石甘汤抗山羊支原体肺炎研究

为了研究方剂对羊支原体肺炎的防治效果,将感染山羊支原体前后的羊采集静脉血,分离血清,用ELISA方法检测IL-10、IFN-γ和TNF-α含量。同时,每日观察临床症状,对迫杀的试验羊进行病理剖检和组织切片观察。结果显示：正常对照组未见异常,阳性对照组症状明显,死亡4只,方剂治疗组均比阳性对照组临床症状有明显的改善,银芩麻杏石甘汤中剂量组全部治愈。7天时阴性对照组与其他7组之间IL-10、IFN-γ和TNF-α差异均极显著(P<0.01);14天时阴性对照组与其他7组差异极显著(P<0.01),阳性对照组与6组中药组差异极显著(P<0.01),银芩中剂量组与其他5组中药组差异显著(P<0.05);21天时IL-10、IFN-γ阴性对照组与其他7组差异极显著(P<0.01),阳性对照组与6组中药组差异极显著(P<0.01),银芩中剂量组与其他5组中药组差异极显著(P<0.01),银芩中剂量组与阴性对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。21天时TNF-α阴性对照组与其他7组差异极显著(P<0.01),阳性对照组与6组中药组差异极显著(P<0.01),桔芪高剂量组与其他5组中药组差异极显著(P<0.01),桔芪高剂量组与阴性对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。由结果得到2个方剂均对治疗羊支原体肺炎有一定的效果,银芩麻杏石甘汤中剂量组对羊支原体肺炎的治疗效果最佳。     

摘除卵巢对母山羊肾周脂肪中脂肪酸组成及相关基因mRNA表达量的影响

公羊去势(摘除睾丸)作为一项十分成熟的生产技术,在畜牧生产上得到了非常广泛的应用,但是有关母山羊(Capra hircus)去势的研究还不多。本研究旨在探讨去势对母山羊血清中血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇水平,肾周脂肪组织中脂肪酸的组成以及对乙酰Co A羧化酶(acetly-Co A carboxylase,ACC)、脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)、脂蛋白酯酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)和激素敏感酯酶(hormone sensitive lipase,HSL)基因表达的影响。将体重相近的5月龄母山羊摘除卵巢后测定其血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇水平;采用Agilent-6890N气相色谱仪测定其肾周脂肪组织中脂肪酸的组成;利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)相对定量方法检测FAS、ACC、LPL和HSL m RNA的相对表达量。结果表明,摘除卵巢后,母山羊血清中血糖、甘油三酯和总胆固醇水平较对照组均无显著性差异(P0.05),而且在整个实验过程中保持稳定;肾周脂肪组织中总饱和脂肪酸和4种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)(癸酸(C10∶0)、十五碳酸(C15∶0)、棕榈酸(C16∶0)和木质素酸(C24∶0))的比例(P0.05或P0.01)显著降低;肾周脂肪中总单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和总多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的比例与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),但是表现出了一种上升的趋势,油酸(C18∶1)比例显著上升(P0.05);脂肪酸代谢相关基因中LPL m RNA表达量显著提高(P0.05),ACC和FAS基因的表达量极显著提高(P0.01),HSL基因的表达量显著降低(P0.05)。摘除卵巢不会打破母山羊血清中血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇的平衡,可能通过影响肾周脂肪组织中脂肪酸代谢相关基因(FAS,ACC,LPL和SHL)m RNA的表达,降低肾周脂肪中饱和脂肪酸的比例,有利于改善羊肉的风味。本研究结果为揭示摘除母山羊卵巢改善肾周脂肪中脂肪酸的构成提供基础资料。     

热应激状态下羊的体温调节

热应激是由高温环境所引起的,在炎热的气候条件下,当环境有效温度超过羊的等热区上限温度时,羊就会出现热应激。由热应激引发的不良影响广泛存在,不仅严重影响羊的生存质量,而且导致羊体温升高、生长性能降低、免疫力减弱以及肉品质下降。本文综述了导致羊产生热应激的因素以及热应激条件下的体温调节机制。在热应激的情况下,机体通过吸收环境辐射热和累积机体代谢产热,使机体获得很高的热负荷,超过了机体的散热能力。暴露在高温环境中的羊只,可通过增加机体散热消除过多的热负荷。当空气温湿度发生变化时,作为恒温动物,绵羊和山羊可以通过调整自身的产热量、采食量、饮水量、呼吸频率和行为等方式,来维持机体产热和散热的平衡。总之,羊可以利用复杂有效的散热机制维持体温平衡,适应高温环境。     

饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊生长性能、血清生化指标和磷排泄的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊生长性能、血清生化指标和磷排泄的影响。选择体重为(21.07±0.30)kg的育成期崂山奶山羊公羊30只,采用单因素试验设计,随机分成3组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只羊。各组饲喂能量和蛋白质水平基本一致,磷水平分别为0.25%、0.35%和0.45%的饲粮。试验期105 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:1)饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊干物质采食量无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮磷水平对7、8、9月龄崂山奶山羊体重及平均日增重均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊血清钙、磷、尿素氮含量及碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)在采食磷、粪磷、尿磷、磷总排泄量、沉积磷方面,0.45%组极显著高于0.25%组和0.35%组(P0.01),0.35%组极显著高于0.25%组(P0.01)。由此可见,饲粮磷水平对育成期崂山奶山羊干物质采食量、体重、血清生化指标均无显著影响,但饲粮磷水平为0.25%时可以显著降低粪磷、尿磷的排泄量,减少环境污染。在本试验条件下,育成期崂山奶山羊公羊饲粮磷水平以0.25%为宜。     

Influence of different substitutions of ground-to-whole sorghum grain in high-concentrate diets on weight gain,Longissimus dorsi area and subcutaneous fat of growing goats

The effect of different proportions of ground-to-whole sorghum grain on weight gain, Longissimus dorsi area (LDA) and subcutaneous fat (SF) was evaluated in 20 crossbred (75% Alpine and 25% Spanish) female kid goats, 75 d of age (12.9?±?1.8?kg BW [body weight]) fed a diet (14% CP [crude protein], 2.57 Mcal/kg ME [metabolizable energy]) in which whole sorghum grain (WSG) substituted for 0%, 25% and 50% of ground sorghum grain for treatments T1 (n?=?7), T2 (n?=?7) and T3 (n?=?6), respectively. At the end of the 122-d feeding trial, goats were evaluated using ultrasound for LDA and SF. There were no differences (P?>?.05) among treatments in average daily gain (183, 183 and 190?g/d) and LDA (14.02, 13.70 and 14.70?cm²). SF decreased (linear effect; P?=?.05) with an increase in dietary WSG. In conclusion, feedlot goats exhibited adequate growth performance using diets with up to 50% WSG, without negative effect on LDA, although SF decreased with WSG increase.     

The onset of puberty in Cameroon Dwarf goats kept as pets in northwestern Croatia

The aim of this study was to determine onset of puberty in Cameroon Dwarf goats (CDGs) kept as pets in northwestern Croatia by determining progesterone (PGS) and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) levels in the blood by RIA methods. The first cyclic ovarian activity was estimated according to hormone profiles as determined in CDG in a moderate climate environment. Sixteen female CDG kids were kept in stables with access to pasture which provided space for exercise. The goat kids born in winter (December–January–February), spring (March–April–May), summer (June–July–August) and autumn (September–October–November) were assigned into four groups according to the season of the year of birth (n = 4 in each group). At 75 days of age at the initiation of the study, they weighed between 3.2 and 5.1 kg (4.24 ± 0.53 kg). The onset of ovulatory activity was determined by PGS and IGF‐I serum concentrations every 10 days starting from 75 days to 155 days of age. The onset of puberty in CDG kids occurred on average at 141.15 ± 2.66 days of age, but varied depending on the season of birth. All CDG kids born during summer were in heat by 155 days of age. In the other groups (kids born in autumn, winter or spring), one goat in each group was not in heat. Changes in blood serum PGS and IGF‐I concentrations during prepubertal and pubertal periods could aid in the evaluation of reproductive status and determination of the onset of puberty in CDG during all seasons of the year in a moderate climate region.     

内蒙古绒山羊不同毛被类型产绒量和体重的遗传参数估计

【目的】内蒙古绒山羊是经过长期自然选择和人工选育而成的优秀地方品种。主要产于内蒙古西部地区,分布于二郎山、阿尔巴斯和阿拉善左旗3个地区。产绒量和抓绒后体重均是绒山羊重要经济性状,并且属于数量性状,数量性状受微效多基因控制,本研究通过数量遗传学方法对内蒙古绒山羊产绒量和抓绒后体重进行遗传参数评估,旨在研究内蒙古绒山羊不同毛被类型对产绒量和体重的遗传参数的影响,为绒山羊育种提供理论依据。【方法】内蒙古白绒山羊种羊场1990-2014年间54 044只绒山产绒量、体重和毛长的重复数据为研究材料。按照不同羊毛长度将绒山羊分为3个类型：短毛型（≤13 cm,SSL)、 中间型（13 cm＜羊毛长度≤22 cm,ISL)和长毛型（＞22 cm,LSL）。利用Excel对不同毛被类型内产绒量和抓绒后体重进行表型分析,然后将处理好的数据利用SAS9.2的REG程序计算不同毛被类型内毛长对产绒量和体重的回归系数,确定不同毛被类型对产绒量和人体重的影响。最后采用WOMBAT软件的AIREML算法对不同毛被类型内产绒量和抓绒后体重进行方差组分分析和遗传参数估计。【结果】对不同类型产绒量和体重进行基本统计分析,发现长毛型毛长均值比中间型和短毛型分别增加了6.20 cm和13.40 cm。长毛型产绒量较中间型和短毛型高105.03 g和59.85 g。长毛型体重较中间型和短毛型分别高8.78 kg和10.06 kg。长毛型的产绒量（721.15 g）最高,体重最大（41.98 kg）。毛长和产绒量的变异系数随着毛长的增加在减小,但是体重的变异系数随着毛长的增加而增加。产绒量和体重的变异系数均在27%以上,说明产绒量和体重均具有较高的提升潜力。经过回归分析发现不同毛被类型内产绒量和体重对毛长的线性回归均存在极显著差异。短毛型、中间型和长毛型毛长对产绒量的回归系数分别为-4.63、1.92和21.07。短毛型、中间型和长毛型毛长对体重的回归系数分别为0.04、0.32和1.94。即长毛型的毛长对产绒量和体重的回归系数最高,说明长毛型个体对产绒量和体重的影响较大。遗传参数估计结果表明短毛型、中间型和长毛型产绒量的遗传力分别是0.14、0.22和0.33,短毛型和中间型的遗传力为低遗传力,长毛型为中等遗传力。短毛型、中间型和长毛型体重的遗传力分别是0.10,0.11和0.12,属于低遗传力。长毛型产绒量和体重遗传力最高。从遗传相关来看,产绒量与体重（-0.20-0.26）、产绒量与毛长（-0.11-0.37）和体重与毛长（0.21-0.43）的遗传相关随着毛长的增加而增加。【结论】长毛型个体产绒量和体重的表型值最高,并且长毛型个体的体重和产绒量的遗传力最高,长毛型产绒量和体重的遗传相关也最大,因此,选择长毛型个体留种可以加快绒山羊产绒量和体重的遗传进展,实现羊毛对产绒量和体重的间接选择。     

短光照对绒山羊绒毛生长相关激素的影响

为研究控制光周期对绒山羊绒毛生长相关激素的影响,从短光照试验和对照组绒山羊中选择2周岁6对双胞胎绒山羊母羊,采集血液样品利用酶联免疫法进行激素含量测定,利用SAS9.0软件进行显著性检验和相关性分析。结果发现:一天24h当中,绒山羊进入棚圈后褪黑激素MLT(melatonin,mLT)和IGF-1含量显著增加,PRL含量显著减少,EGF和GH含量在2组中差异不显著;一年当中,进入光控棚圈后6月份绒山羊血液中的MLT(P0.05)、IGF-1和EGF(P0.05)含量均增加,PRL含量显著降低;9月份试验组绒山羊MLT、IGF-1和GH含量高于对照组(P0.05),PRL含量依然低于对照组(P0.05)。在相关性分析中,试验组和对照组PRL与其他激素之间的相关系数为负数;与对照组相比短光照明显增加了MLT与PRL、EGF,PRL与IGF-1、EGF、GH,IGF-1与EGF、GH,EGF与GH之间的相互作用(P0.05),减弱了MLT与IGF-1、GH之间的相互作用。结果表明,短光照通过增强各激素间的协同或拮抗作用而提前诱发绒毛生长。     

Use of Browses (Terminalia serecia,Combretum apiculatum or Euclea schimperi) as a Supplement for Growing Tswana Goats

Twenty yearling male castrated Tswana goats were weighed and randomly divided into four groups of 5 animals. All the animals were fed buffel grass hay (Cenchrus ciliaris) as a basal diet, while lucerne (Medicago sativa) was fed to the control group as supplement. The other three groups were fed either Combretum apiculatum, Terminalia serecia or Euclea schimperi as a supplement. The basal diet comprised 60% of the ration, while the lucerne or the browses made up the remaining 40%. Water was provided daily. Leftover water and feed were measured daily. The goats were weighed every 2 weeks, prior to the morning feed. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance.The average daily dry matter intake of the lucerne, C. apiculatum, T. serecia and E. schimperi supplements was 702.17, 769.91, 776.68 and 752.50 g, respectively, and was not significantly different between treatments (p>0.05). The average daily water intake was significantly different (p<0.05), with the goats fed lucerne drinking significantly more water (1270±31.62 ml) than the goats on T. serecia (1150±103.2 ml) but not significantly more than those on C. apiculatum (1166±52.25 ml) or E. schimperi (1184±100.15 ml). The average daily body weight gain was higher for the goats on lucerne at 78 g, compared to 77 g, 67 g and 64 g, for the C. apiculatum, E. schimperi and T. serecia supplements, respectively, but these were not significantly different (p>0.05). Differences in feed conversion ratio were not significant (p>0.05), but the ratio was lower for the goats on lucerne at 9.00 compared to 10.41, 11.98, and 11.23 for C. apiculatum, T. serecia and E. schimperi, respectively. The study demonstrated that these browses can be used to replace lucerne as a supplement for Tswana goats fed on buffel grass hay as the basal diet.     

半胱胺对奶山羊乳腺发育及血浆有关激素水平的影响

选3只空怀奶山羊进行自身前后对照试验和4只妊娠奶山羊进行同胎次配对试验 ,且各自进行自身前后对照 ,以消除妊娠过程中乳腺自身发育的影响。空怀奶山羊在试验期添加半胱胺(CS) ,妊娠奶山羊在试验组的试验期添加CS(每5天一次 ,剂量为100mg/kgBW ,共3次)。结果表明 ,与对照期相比 ,试验期空怀奶山羊乳腺组织的DNA含量明显升高(P<0.05) ,RNA含量变化不明显(P>0.05) ,RNA/DNA值显著下降(P<0.05)。组织学观察发现 ,对照期乳腺的腺泡很少发育 ,几乎看不到乳导管 ;试验期乳腺有明显导管生长和少量腺泡发育。与对照期相比 ,试验期血浆生长激素(GH)水平升高39.5 %(P<0.05) ,血浆催乳素(PRL)水平提高28.7 %(P<0.05)。与对照组相比 ,试验组妊娠奶山羊乳腺DNA含量明显提高(P<0.05) ,RNA含量显著下降(P<0.05) ,RNA/DNA值明显下降。组织学观察发现 ,对照组山羊乳腺随着妊娠的进行有少量腺泡发育 ,腺导管有明显的生长 ;而试验组山羊乳腺有大量的腺泡发育 ,腺导管生长更明显 ,且有分泌物出现。与对照组相比 ,试验组山羊血浆GH水平提高52.1 %(P<0.05) ,血浆PRL水平提高19.8%(P<0.05)。