Genetic improvement in pine wilt disease resistance inPinus thunbergii: The effectiveness of pre-screening with an artificial inoculation at the nursery

Open pollinated progenies from 15 clones of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii), that had been selected for their tolerance to pine wilt disease, were tested by artificial inoculation with pine wood nematode for six years at a nursery of Kyushu Regional Breeding Office. Family variations in the respective year were all significant. An analysis of variance across the six years’ tests confirmed highly significant effect of year and of families; however, the year by family interaction was significant also. Phenotypic and genetic variances estimated from each year’s result were fitted to a quadratic regression using their mean survival ratio as an independent variable. The variances were greatest at around 0.5 of the mean survival ratio. Estimated heritability showed a similar trend of change, whereas the peak of the expected amount of improvement shifted toward the lower survival range: around 0.4, where a greater selection differential was anticipated. It was concluded that a useful amount of genetic improvement that may be reduced by 30% due to the interaction, would be expected by prescreening seedlings where the mean survival ratio after inoculation was around 0.25 to 0.6.     

The effect of including genomic relationships in the estimation of genetic parameters of functional traits in pigs

The term functionality in animal breeding is used for traits that increase the efficiency of production by lowering the input cost, such as animal health and leg weakness related to longevity. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of genomic information, in a multivariate variance component analysis, on some of these traits. In addition, the effect of the inclusion was studied by testing the model's prediction ability based on best linear unbiased estimates for fixed and random effects. The material in this study consists of phenotypes from 76 683 animals, of which 4933 animals are genotyped. The heritabilities for front leg conformation, stayability, osteochondrosis and arched back, estimated using the traditional pedigree, were found to be between 0.12 and 0.29. When using the combined genomic and pedigree relationship matrix, the heritabilities were between 0.14 and 0.36. The results show that the combined relationship matrix can be used for the estimation of (co)variance components, and that the predictive ability of the model in this study marginally increases with the inclusion of genomic information.     

辅助充种带气吸式蚕豆精量排种器设计与试验

针对蚕豆种子粒径大、三轴尺寸差异大,充种困难的问题,设计了一种带有平带辅助充种装置的气吸式蚕豆精量排种器。通过对充种过程中的动力学分析阐述了平带辅助充种装置及种子的运动机理;利用计算流体力学和离散元法双向耦合模拟的方法(Computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method, CFD-DEM),开展了单因素试验,确定了影响排种器充种性能的主要零部件参数并明晰了平带辅助充种机理;搭建试验台架,选取作业速度、平带输入轴转速和负压为试验因素,合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数为试验指标,进行了二次回归正交组合试验。试验结果表明,影响排种器合格指数的因素主次顺序为：作业速度、负压、平带输入轴转速。对试验结果进行多目标优化,得到最优参数组合为作业速度5.69 km/h、平带输入轴转速395 r/min、负压3 845 Pa,对此结果进行排种器性能试验验证,此时合格指数为91.6%、重播指数为3.8%、漏播指数为4.6%,满足蚕豆播种要求。     

城市慢行空间美景度评价——以贵阳市小车河沿河河谷慢行空间为例

以贵阳市小车河沿河河谷慢行空间为研究对象,通过实地调查选取能够较好地反映慢行空间景观特征与景观效果的20处景观样点作为评价对象,运用基于心理物理模式的美景度评价法计算景观样点的美景度值,再通过景观要素分解量化得到景观要素评值,运用回归分析建立慢行空间美景度评价模型,进而对慢行空间美景度进行评价。结果表明,形态优美、具有强烈亲水特性的慢行空间评分较高,与周围环境融合度欠佳的慢行空间评分较低;影响慢行空间美景度最显著的3项景观要素为整体和谐度、水景比例、园路形式感,其中以园路形式感对慢行空间美景度影响最大。     

杂交桉家系在桂北生长及优良性评价

【目的】对广西黄冕林场杂交桉的生长及优良性进行评价,找到更多适合在该区域今后推广种植的优良杂种材料。【方法】对3.5、5.8和8.5 a共3个年度的42个人工杂种家系、9个母本自由授粉家系和1个无性系试验林进行生长调查,开展不同林龄的干形、幼林枝瘿姬小蜂的受害率等的调查,利用方差分析和多性状综合坐标得分法进行分析,获得综合表现优良的杂种子代及单株。【结果】不同林龄的树高在早期生长、胸径和单株蓄积在所有年度的杂种家系间均存在极显著差异。以8.5 a最优47号尾叶桉自由授粉家系的单株蓄积0.346 1m3为标准,6个人工杂种家系包括20、39、36、28、14和18号家系高于其值而表现出杂种优势,其值范围为0.346 3~0.479 8 m3;以对照无性系DH32-29的8.5 a单株蓄积0.288 0 m3为标准,则有20个家系高于对照,其值范围为0.291 8~0.479 8 m3。采用综合坐标法平均得分值±1个标准差(得分0.037 4和0.144 4)为指标筛选家系,则有7个、39个和6个家系分别归于适生型、中生型和淘汰型3类家系。按适生型家系7/51入选率,家系遗传增益值在1.69%~21.36%范围,单株遗传增益在1.37%~19.70%,按优于对照无性系得分值15/51入选率下,家系遗传增益值在1.13%~14.74%,单株遗传增益在0.91%~13.60%。【结论】按最优对照单株得分值0.085 8为标准,共有27个家系的48株优株入选,入选单株最多的3个家系均为尾巨杂交桉,表明尾巨桉适应桂北立地,在该区域推广时可优先选择。     

Genetic parameters for direct and maternal calving ease in Walloon dairy cattle based on linear and threshold models

Calving ease scores from Holstein dairy cattle in the Walloon Region of Belgium were analysed using univariate linear and threshold animal models. Variance components and derived genetic parameters were estimated from a data set including 33 155 calving records. Included in the models were season, herd and sex of calf × age of dam classes × group of calvings interaction as fixed effects, herd × year of calving, maternal permanent environment and animal direct and maternal additive genetic as random effects. Models were fitted with the genetic correlation between direct and maternal additive genetic effects either estimated or constrained to zero. Direct heritability for calving ease was approximately 8% with linear models and approximately 12% with threshold models. Maternal heritabilities were approximately 2 and 4%, respectively. Genetic correlation between direct and maternal additive effects was found to be not significantly different from zero. Models were compared in terms of goodness of fit and predictive ability. Criteria of comparison such as mean squared error, correlation between observed and predicted calving ease scores as well as between estimated breeding values were estimated from 85 118 calving records. The results provided few differences between linear and threshold models even though correlations between estimated breeding values from subsets of data for sires with progeny from linear model were 17 and 23% greater for direct and maternal genetic effects, respectively, than from threshold model. For the purpose of genetic evaluation for calving ease in Walloon Holstein dairy cattle, the linear animal model without covariance between direct and maternal additive effects was found to be the best choice.     

Genetic parameters for chronic progressive lymphedema in Belgian Draught Horses

Genetic parameters for chronic progressive lymphedema (CPL)‐associated traits in Belgian Draught Horses were estimated, using a multitrait animal model. Clinical scores of CPL in the four limbs/horse (CPL_clin), skinfold thickness and hair samples (hair diameter) were studied. Due to CPL_clin uncertainty in younger horses (progressive CPL character), a restricted data set (D_3+) was formed, excluding records from horses under 3 years from the complete data set (D_full). Age, gender, coat colour and limb hair pigmentation were included as fixed, permanent environment and date of recording as random effects. Higher CPL_clin certainty (D_3+) increased heritability coefficients of, and genetic correlations between traits, with CPL_clin heritabilities (SE) for the respective data sets: 0.11 (0.06) and 0.26 (0.05). A large proportion of the CPL_clin variance was attributed to the permanent environmental effect in D_full, but less in D_3+. Date of recording explained a proportion of variance from 0.09 ± 0.03 to 0.61 ± 0.08. Additive genetic correlations between CPL_clin and both skinfold thickness and hair diameter showed the latter two traits cannot be used as a direct diagnostic aid for CPL. Due to the relatively low heritability of CPL_clin, selection should focus on estimated breeding values (from repeated clinical examinations) to reduce CPL occurrence in the Belgian Draught Horse.     

云瑞系列甘蔗亲本的遗传力和配合力分析

[目的]对云瑞系列甘蔗亲本及组合的优劣进行评价,为加速云南甘蔗野生资源利用,提高种质创新水平,合理利用云瑞系列亲本选配杂交组合和甘蔗新品种提供参考.[方法]用28个云瑞系列亲本与36个国内外引进亲本进行杂交,获得65个杂交组合,采用家系试验评价方法,分析杂交后代主要性状的遗传力和配合力.[结果]母本、父本及组合对杂交后代株高、茎径、有效茎数和产量等性状的影响均达显著以上水平.母本、父本和组合对后代的遗传力贡献表现为组合（66.39％）＞母本（59.89％）＞父本（51.59％）,后代主要性状的遗传力大小顺序为有效茎数＞茎径＞锤度＞株高;母本对F1代的株高、茎径、有效茎数、锤度等性状的遗传力贡献分别为51.28％、65.63％、68.95％、53.71％,父本的贡献分别为19.72％、66.42％ 、78.13％、42.07％.云瑞系列亲本用作父本时产量和锤度的一般配合力高于用作母本的一般配合力.根据特殊配合力的大小和作用方向,可将28个云瑞系列亲本及衍生的65个组合分为高产高糖类、高产类、高糖类及表现较差不适宜用作品种选育等4种类型.[结论]云瑞系列亲本与其他系列亲本杂交时适合用作父本,而不适合用作母本;筛选出的高产高糖类、高产类、高糖类云瑞系列优良亲本及组合具有一定的育种潜力.     

Heritability of juvenile growth traits in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.)

Heritability of juvenile growth rate was estimated for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), an economically important sciaenid fish in the southern USA. Thirty‐eight families were generated via ‘natural’ spawning of multiple sets of five breeders (three dams × two sires) in individual brood tanks. Offspring were individually tagged with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags and mixed for grow‐out in replicate ‘common‐garden’ tanks. Juvenile growth was followed from 166.4±18.6 to 254.0±27.0 mm (total length). Offspring were assigned a posteriori to individual brood fish (dam and sire) based on genotypes at nuclear‐encoded microsatellites. Heritability (h²) of a thermal growth coefficient was estimated using an animal‐additive model and a restricted maximum‐likelihood algorithm. Estimates of h² were 0.33±0.08 and 0.31±0.08 for thermal growth coefficient based on length and weight respectively. These results indicate a significant genetic component in juvenile growth rate in red drum. Estimates of h² for condition coefficient (K) at various measurement dates averaged 0.38, suggesting a genetic component to shape in juvenile red drum.